Wolbachia-mediated Mosquito vector control against deadly arboviruses: Difference between revisions
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===What Is a disease vector=== | ===What Is a disease vector=== | ||
According to the World Health organization (WHO), a disease vector is a living organism that has the ability to spread infectious diseases between human, animals, and animals and humans. The most successful of which are bloodsucking organisms, like ticks, sandflies, fleas, and mosquitoes that can both receive and transmit diseases through blood meals. WHO also offers that vector-borne diseases, diseases spread by vectors account for 17% of all infectious diseases. At the same time theses vector-borne diseases also account for 1 million deaths annually | |||
===Aedes Mosquitoes=== | |||
Mosquitoes are currently the best known vector system. Arguably the most notorious of these disease vectors hail from the genus Aedes. Aedes mosquitoes are distinguishable by black and white markings on their abdomen, thorax and legs. Aedes mosquito females take blood meals by biting humans and domesticated animals, ingesting their blood, and using it as nutrients to lay eggs. It is in this exchange that potential human pathogens can be transmitted from both host to mosquito and from mosquito to host. The mechanism for Aedes mosquito infection is through the uptake of infected blood, while host infection usually occurs from the secretion of infected saliva. Aedes mosquito saliva contains molecules that limit blood clotting and inflammation, but enhance modulation of the human immune response. At the same time mosquito saliva may cause a decrease in antiviral response as well allowing viral infection to take effect. In addition, unlike other mosquito genuses, these mosquitoes are active daytime biters, which give them a higher chance of interacting with humans. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are the premier vectors within the genus, making them some of the best disease vectors in the world. | |||
Aedes aegypti (Ae.ae) mosquitoes appear to be dark-colored mosquitoes with characteristic white lyre- shaped markings and legs incorporating both patterns. Female Ae.ae are daytime mosquitoes, being most active immediately after sunrise and a few hours before sunset. These mosquitoes are stealthy biters as they tend to take blood meals from ankles and elbows, and approach from behind the host. Three days after taking a blood meal, Ae.ae females can lay their eggs. Ae.ae females lay eggs in water natural or artificial water containing vessels above the level of the water. Larvae hatch when rainwater covers the egg. Larvae then undergo the aquatic life cycle to adulthood over the next 7-9 days. Mosquito eggs are quite durable, as they can survive for about 6 months in a dormant state without water. However Ae.ae mosquitoes and their eggs can’t survive in cold temperatures or through the winter. Ae.ae are endemic to Africa, but through international shipping routes, the mosquito is now found in most tropical and subtropical regions. Ae.ae mosquitoes are disease vectors of Dengue virus (DENV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Yellow Fever, but they have also vectored West Nile virus and Malaria. | |||
Aedes albopictus (Ae. Albopictus) mosquitoes also have a dark color with white-banded legs, but with a longitudinal white stripe along its head and thorax. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are most active during the dawn hours and the afternoon. Unlike Ae.ae mosquitoes, Ae. albopictus females are aggressive day biters. They prefer biting any exposed skin on humans, but they also take blood meals from both domestic and wild mammals. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes bite rapidly, allowing to take a blood meal before possibly being swatted. About 4-5 days after a blood meal, female Ae. albopictus are ready to lay eggs in natural or artificial containers with water. Like Ae.ae mosquitoes, Rainfall allows larvae to hatch and it takes 7-9 days for larvae to reach adulthood. On the other hand, adult Ae. albopictus eggs persist through the winter in temperate temperature zones, while adult mosquitoes can live year-round in tropical and subtropical regions. Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are also primary vectors of Dengue virus and Chikungunya virus, but they have also been found to transmit Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever, and Heartworm parasites. | |||
===Viruses vectored by Aedes Mosquitoes=== | ===Viruses vectored by Aedes Mosquitoes=== | ||
Dengue virus (DENV) | |||
Chikungunya virus CHIKV | |||
Malaria | |||
Yellow Fever | |||
=Wolbachia and its effects= | =Wolbachia and its effects= | ||
Revision as of 18:42, 18 November 2015
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Introduce the topic of your paper. State your health service question, and explain the biomedical issues.
Aedes Mosquitoes: Vectors for the Ages
What Is a disease vector
According to the World Health organization (WHO), a disease vector is a living organism that has the ability to spread infectious diseases between human, animals, and animals and humans. The most successful of which are bloodsucking organisms, like ticks, sandflies, fleas, and mosquitoes that can both receive and transmit diseases through blood meals. WHO also offers that vector-borne diseases, diseases spread by vectors account for 17% of all infectious diseases. At the same time theses vector-borne diseases also account for 1 million deaths annually
Aedes Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are currently the best known vector system. Arguably the most notorious of these disease vectors hail from the genus Aedes. Aedes mosquitoes are distinguishable by black and white markings on their abdomen, thorax and legs. Aedes mosquito females take blood meals by biting humans and domesticated animals, ingesting their blood, and using it as nutrients to lay eggs. It is in this exchange that potential human pathogens can be transmitted from both host to mosquito and from mosquito to host. The mechanism for Aedes mosquito infection is through the uptake of infected blood, while host infection usually occurs from the secretion of infected saliva. Aedes mosquito saliva contains molecules that limit blood clotting and inflammation, but enhance modulation of the human immune response. At the same time mosquito saliva may cause a decrease in antiviral response as well allowing viral infection to take effect. In addition, unlike other mosquito genuses, these mosquitoes are active daytime biters, which give them a higher chance of interacting with humans. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are the premier vectors within the genus, making them some of the best disease vectors in the world.
Aedes aegypti (Ae.ae) mosquitoes appear to be dark-colored mosquitoes with characteristic white lyre- shaped markings and legs incorporating both patterns. Female Ae.ae are daytime mosquitoes, being most active immediately after sunrise and a few hours before sunset. These mosquitoes are stealthy biters as they tend to take blood meals from ankles and elbows, and approach from behind the host. Three days after taking a blood meal, Ae.ae females can lay their eggs. Ae.ae females lay eggs in water natural or artificial water containing vessels above the level of the water. Larvae hatch when rainwater covers the egg. Larvae then undergo the aquatic life cycle to adulthood over the next 7-9 days. Mosquito eggs are quite durable, as they can survive for about 6 months in a dormant state without water. However Ae.ae mosquitoes and their eggs can’t survive in cold temperatures or through the winter. Ae.ae are endemic to Africa, but through international shipping routes, the mosquito is now found in most tropical and subtropical regions. Ae.ae mosquitoes are disease vectors of Dengue virus (DENV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Yellow Fever, but they have also vectored West Nile virus and Malaria.
Aedes albopictus (Ae. Albopictus) mosquitoes also have a dark color with white-banded legs, but with a longitudinal white stripe along its head and thorax. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are most active during the dawn hours and the afternoon. Unlike Ae.ae mosquitoes, Ae. albopictus females are aggressive day biters. They prefer biting any exposed skin on humans, but they also take blood meals from both domestic and wild mammals. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes bite rapidly, allowing to take a blood meal before possibly being swatted. About 4-5 days after a blood meal, female Ae. albopictus are ready to lay eggs in natural or artificial containers with water. Like Ae.ae mosquitoes, Rainfall allows larvae to hatch and it takes 7-9 days for larvae to reach adulthood. On the other hand, adult Ae. albopictus eggs persist through the winter in temperate temperature zones, while adult mosquitoes can live year-round in tropical and subtropical regions. Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are also primary vectors of Dengue virus and Chikungunya virus, but they have also been found to transmit Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever, and Heartworm parasites.
Viruses vectored by Aedes Mosquitoes
Dengue virus (DENV)
Chikungunya virus CHIKV
Malaria
Yellow Fever
