https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&feed=atom&action=historyWolbachia-mediated Mosquito vector control against deadly arboviruses - Revision history2024-03-29T02:08:40ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=119022&oldid=prevDurenk: /* Effects of Wolbachia’s strain specific diversity on mosquito vectorship */2015-12-15T08:15:57Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Effects of Wolbachia’s strain specific diversity on mosquito vectorship</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:15, 15 December 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l68">Line 68:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 68:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Effects of Wolbachia’s strain specific diversity on mosquito vectorship==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Effects of Wolbachia’s strain specific diversity on mosquito vectorship==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:HostWolbachia.png|thumb|1500px|center|Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection against diverse RNA viruses in Drosophila and mosquito hosts. This table is adapted to show the effects of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variouus </del>Wolbachia strains on dangerous human pathogens in multiple insect hosts. This table was made by Johnson KN, in the study Johnson KN. Bacteria and antiviral immunity in insects. . 2015;8: 97-103.[http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2214574515000115/1-s2.0-S2214574515000115-main.pdf?_tid=046e5462-a176-11e5-be75-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1449996576_438a0ff1153f9e3f7150a76939b5a87f]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:HostWolbachia.png|thumb|1500px|center|Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection against diverse RNA viruses in Drosophila and mosquito hosts. This table is adapted to show the effects of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">various </ins>Wolbachia strains on dangerous human pathogens in multiple insect hosts. This table was made by Johnson KN, in the study Johnson KN. Bacteria and antiviral immunity in insects. . 2015;8: 97-103.[http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2214574515000115/1-s2.0-S2214574515000115-main.pdf?_tid=046e5462-a176-11e5-be75-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1449996576_438a0ff1153f9e3f7150a76939b5a87f]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Connection to Healthcare==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Connection to Healthcare==</div></td></tr>
</table>Durenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118918&oldid=prevDurenk at 00:27, 14 December 20152015-12-14T00:27:46Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:27, 14 December 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l118">Line 118:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 118:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[21][http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs387/en/. World Health Organization. (2014). Vector-borne diseases]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[21][http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs387/en/. World Health Organization. (2014). Vector-borne diseases]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[22][http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038544<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] </del>Zug R, Hammerstein P. Still a Host of Hosts for Wolbachia: Analysis of Recent Data Suggests That 40% of Terrestrial Arthropod Species Are Infected. . 2012;7: e38544.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[22][http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038544<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>Zug R, Hammerstein P. Still a Host of Hosts for Wolbachia: Analysis of Recent Data Suggests That 40% of Terrestrial Arthropod Species Are Infected. . 2012;7: e38544.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[23][http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0121813<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] </del>Calvitti M, Marini F, Desiderio A, Puggioli A, Moretti R. Wolbachia density and cytoplasmic incompatibility in Aedes albopictus: concerns with using artificial Wolbachia infection as a vector suppression tool. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0121813. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[23][http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0121813<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>Calvitti M, Marini F, Desiderio A, Puggioli A, Moretti R. Wolbachia density and cytoplasmic incompatibility in Aedes albopictus: concerns with using artificial Wolbachia infection as a vector suppression tool. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0121813.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[24][http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00248-013-0339-4<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</del>Caragata EP, Rances E, O'Neill SL, McGraw EA. Competition for Amino Acids Between Wolbachia and the Mosquito Host, Aedes aegypti. Microb Ecol. 2014;67: 205-218. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[24][http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00248-013-0339-4<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>Caragata EP, Rances E, O'Neill SL, McGraw EA. Competition for Amino Acids Between Wolbachia and the Mosquito Host, Aedes aegypti. Microb Ecol. 2014;67: 205-218.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[25][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252928/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] </del>Pan X, Zhou G, Wu J, Bian G, Lu P, Raikhel AS, et al. Wolbachia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of the Toll pathway to control dengue virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109: E23</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[25][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252928/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>Pan X, Zhou G, Wu J, Bian G, Lu P, Raikhel AS, et al. Wolbachia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of the Toll pathway to control dengue virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109: E23<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Durenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118917&oldid=prevDurenk at 00:25, 14 December 20152015-12-14T00:25:57Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:25, 14 December 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l16">Line 16:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Aedes albopictus====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Aedes albopictus====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Aedes albopictus</i> (<i>Ae. albopictus</i>) mosquitoes also have a dark color with white-banded legs, but with a longitudinal white stripe along its head and thorax [17]. <i>Ae. albopictus</i> mosquitoes are most active during the dawn hours and the afternoon [17]. Unlike <i>Ae.ae</i> mosquitoes, <i>Ae. albopictus</i> females are aggressive day biters [17]. They prefer biting any exposed skin on humans, but they also take blood meals from both domestic and wild mammals [16]. <i>Ae. albopictus</i> mosquitoes bite rapidly, allowing to take a blood meal before possibly being swatted [16]. About 4-5 days after a blood meal, female <i>Ae. albopictus</i> are ready to lay eggs in natural or artificial containers with water [16]. Like <i>Ae.ae</i> mosquitoes, Rainfall allows larvae to hatch and it takes 7-9 days for larvae to reach adulthood [16]. On the other hand, adult <i>Ae. albopictus</i> eggs persist through the winter in temperate temperature zones, while adult mosquitoes can live year-round in tropical and subtropical regions [16]. <i>Aedes albopictus</i> mosquitoes are also primary vectors of Dengue virus and Chikungunya virus, but they have also been found to transmit Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever, and Heartworm parasites [20].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Aedes albopictus</i> (<i>Ae. albopictus</i>) mosquitoes also have a dark color with white-banded legs, but with a longitudinal white stripe along its head and thorax [17]. <i>Ae. albopictus</i> mosquitoes are most active during the dawn hours and the afternoon [17]. Unlike <i>Ae.ae</i> mosquitoes, <i>Ae. albopictus</i> females are aggressive day biters [17]. They prefer biting any exposed skin on humans, but they also take blood meals from both domestic and wild mammals [16]. <i>Ae. albopictus</i> mosquitoes bite rapidly, allowing to take a blood meal before possibly being swatted [16]. About 4-5 days after a blood meal, female <i>Ae. albopictus</i> are ready to lay eggs in natural or artificial containers with water [16]. Like <i>Ae.ae</i> mosquitoes, Rainfall allows larvae to hatch and it takes 7-9 days for larvae to reach adulthood [16]. On the other hand, adult <i>Ae. albopictus</i> eggs persist through the winter in temperate temperature zones, while adult mosquitoes can live year-round in tropical and subtropical regions [16]. <i>Aedes albopictus</i> mosquitoes are also primary vectors of Dengue virus and Chikungunya virus, but they have also been found to transmit Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever, and Heartworm parasites [20].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l115">Line 115:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 117:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[21][http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs387/en/. World Health Organization. (2014). Vector-borne diseases]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[21][http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs387/en/. World Health Organization. (2014). Vector-borne diseases]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[22][http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038544] Zug R, Hammerstein P. Still a Host of Hosts for Wolbachia: Analysis of Recent Data Suggests That 40% of Terrestrial Arthropod Species Are Infected. . 2012;7: e38544.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[23][http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0121813] Calvitti M, Marini F, Desiderio A, Puggioli A, Moretti R. Wolbachia density and cytoplasmic incompatibility in Aedes albopictus: concerns with using artificial Wolbachia infection as a vector suppression tool. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0121813. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[24][http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00248-013-0339-4]Caragata EP, Rances E, O'Neill SL, McGraw EA. Competition for Amino Acids Between Wolbachia and the Mosquito Host, Aedes aegypti. Microb Ecol. 2014;67: 205-218. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[25][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252928/] Pan X, Zhou G, Wu J, Bian G, Lu P, Raikhel AS, et al. Wolbachia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of the Toll pathway to control dengue virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109: E23</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Durenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118916&oldid=prevDurenk at 00:21, 14 December 20152015-12-14T00:21:55Z<p></p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118916&oldid=118888">Show changes</a>Durenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118888&oldid=prevDurenk at 09:18, 13 December 20152015-12-13T09:18:58Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:18, 13 December 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l28">Line 28:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dengue virus (DENV)====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dengue virus (DENV)====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:New Dengue fever.jpg|thumb|200px|right| Dengue Fever Poster from onlineAP, a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nes </del>journal in India [http://www.onlineap.com/be-aware-of-dengue-fever/].]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:New Dengue fever.jpg|thumb|200px|right| Dengue Fever Poster from onlineAP, a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">news </ins>journal in India [http://www.onlineap.com/be-aware-of-dengue-fever/].]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dengue Virus (DENV), a Flavivirus of the family Flaviridae, is a positive sense RNA virus. DENV is vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes Mosquitoes become infected with DENV when uninfected females take a blood-meal from infected hosts. From there the virus replicates within the mosquito and translocates to the mosquito salivary gland in order to be transmitted upon the next blood-meal. DENV has 5 serotypes, or distinct genotypes, with DENV-2 being the most aggressive. DENV is the cause of Dengue Fever, a mild fever in most cases, but also induces a serious Hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that can cause liver failure and death. DHF occurs most often in the elderly and early youth populations. (Human infection dynamics) DENV infects 100,000,000 million people a year worldwide, causing serious cases of DHF in 500,000 people, and 20,000 deaths. Currently there is no cure, or vaccine to treat DENV, although DENV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and over 1 billion people reside in the range of this virus. Currently Dengue Virus is in Hawaii, spreading from two confirmed cases in October 2015 to over one hundred cases as of November 2015. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dengue Virus (DENV), a Flavivirus of the family Flaviridae, is a positive sense RNA virus. DENV is vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes Mosquitoes become infected with DENV when uninfected females take a blood-meal from infected hosts. From there the virus replicates within the mosquito and translocates to the mosquito salivary gland in order to be transmitted upon the next blood-meal. DENV has 5 serotypes, or distinct genotypes, with DENV-2 being the most aggressive. DENV is the cause of Dengue Fever, a mild fever in most cases, but also induces a serious Hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that can cause liver failure and death. DHF occurs most often in the elderly and early youth populations. (Human infection dynamics) DENV infects 100,000,000 million people a year worldwide, causing serious cases of DHF in 500,000 people, and 20,000 deaths. Currently there is no cure, or vaccine to treat DENV, although DENV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and over 1 billion people reside in the range of this virus. Currently Dengue Virus is in Hawaii, spreading from two confirmed cases in October 2015 to over one hundred cases as of November 2015. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Durenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118887&oldid=prevDurenk at 09:18, 13 December 20152015-12-13T09:18:16Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:18, 13 December 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l28">Line 28:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dengue virus (DENV)====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dengue virus (DENV)====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:New Dengue fever.jpg|thumb|200px|right| <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">micrographs taken of the virus</del>, in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1976. By Dr. Frederick Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the </del>[http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wwwnc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cdc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gov</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">eid</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">article/21/11/pdfs/et-2111.pdf CDC</del>].]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:New Dengue fever.jpg|thumb|200px|right| <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dengue Fever Poster from onlineAP</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a nes journal </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">India </ins>[http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">onlineap</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be-aware-of-dengue-fever</ins>/].]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dengue Virus (DENV), a Flavivirus of the family Flaviridae, is a positive sense RNA virus. DENV is vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes Mosquitoes become infected with DENV when uninfected females take a blood-meal from infected hosts. From there the virus replicates within the mosquito and translocates to the mosquito salivary gland in order to be transmitted upon the next blood-meal. DENV has 5 serotypes, or distinct genotypes, with DENV-2 being the most aggressive. DENV is the cause of Dengue Fever, a mild fever in most cases, but also induces a serious Hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that can cause liver failure and death. DHF occurs most often in the elderly and early youth populations. (Human infection dynamics) DENV infects 100,000,000 million people a year worldwide, causing serious cases of DHF in 500,000 people, and 20,000 deaths. Currently there is no cure, or vaccine to treat DENV, although DENV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and over 1 billion people reside in the range of this virus. Currently Dengue Virus is in Hawaii, spreading from two confirmed cases in October 2015 to over one hundred cases as of November 2015. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dengue Virus (DENV), a Flavivirus of the family Flaviridae, is a positive sense RNA virus. DENV is vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes Mosquitoes become infected with DENV when uninfected females take a blood-meal from infected hosts. From there the virus replicates within the mosquito and translocates to the mosquito salivary gland in order to be transmitted upon the next blood-meal. DENV has 5 serotypes, or distinct genotypes, with DENV-2 being the most aggressive. DENV is the cause of Dengue Fever, a mild fever in most cases, but also induces a serious Hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that can cause liver failure and death. DHF occurs most often in the elderly and early youth populations. (Human infection dynamics) DENV infects 100,000,000 million people a year worldwide, causing serious cases of DHF in 500,000 people, and 20,000 deaths. Currently there is no cure, or vaccine to treat DENV, although DENV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and over 1 billion people reside in the range of this virus. Currently Dengue Virus is in Hawaii, spreading from two confirmed cases in October 2015 to over one hundred cases as of November 2015. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Durenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118886&oldid=prevDurenk at 08:47, 13 December 20152015-12-13T08:47:12Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:47, 13 December 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l82">Line 82:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 82:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Effects of Wolbachia’s strain specific diversity on mosquito vectorship==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Effects of Wolbachia’s strain specific diversity on mosquito vectorship==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:HostWolbachia.png|thumb|1500px|center|Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection against diverse RNA viruses in Drosophila and mosquito hosts. This table is adapted <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>This was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">one of the first micrographs taken of the virus</del>, in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1976</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">By Dr</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Frederick Murphy, now at U</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Davis, then at the </del>[http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wwwnc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cdc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gov</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">eid</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">article/21/11/pdfs/et</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2111</del>.pdf <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CDC</del>]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:HostWolbachia.png|thumb|1500px|center|Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection against diverse RNA viruses in Drosophila and mosquito hosts. This table is adapted <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to show the effects of variouus Wolbachia strains on dangerous human pathogens in multiple insect hosts. </ins>This <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">table </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">made by Johnson KN</ins>, in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the study Johnson KN</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bacteria and antiviral immunity in insects</ins>. . <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2015;8: 97-103</ins>.[http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ac</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">els-cdn</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S2214574515000115</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1-s2.0-S2214574515000115</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">main</ins>.pdf<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">?_tid=046e5462-a176-11e5-be75-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1449996576_438a0ff1153f9e3f7150a76939b5a87f</ins>]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Durenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118885&oldid=prevDurenk at 08:36, 13 December 20152015-12-13T08:36:01Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:36, 13 December 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l28">Line 28:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dengue virus (DENV)====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dengue virus (DENV)====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:New Dengue fever.jpg|thumb|200px|right|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was one of the first </del>micrographs taken of the virus, in 1976. By Dr. Frederick Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/11/pdfs/et-2111.pdf CDC].]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:New Dengue fever.jpg|thumb|200px|right| micrographs taken of the virus, in 1976. By Dr. Frederick Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/11/pdfs/et-2111.pdf CDC].]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dengue Virus (DENV), a Flavivirus of the family Flaviridae, is a positive sense RNA virus. DENV is vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes Mosquitoes become infected with DENV when uninfected females take a blood-meal from infected hosts. From there the virus replicates within the mosquito and translocates to the mosquito salivary gland in order to be transmitted upon the next blood-meal. DENV has 5 serotypes, or distinct genotypes, with DENV-2 being the most aggressive. DENV is the cause of Dengue Fever, a mild fever in most cases, but also induces a serious Hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that can cause liver failure and death. DHF occurs most often in the elderly and early youth populations. (Human infection dynamics) DENV infects 100,000,000 million people a year worldwide, causing serious cases of DHF in 500,000 people, and 20,000 deaths. Currently there is no cure, or vaccine to treat DENV, although DENV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and over 1 billion people reside in the range of this virus. Currently Dengue Virus is in Hawaii, spreading from two confirmed cases in October 2015 to over one hundred cases as of November 2015. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dengue Virus (DENV), a Flavivirus of the family Flaviridae, is a positive sense RNA virus. DENV is vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes Mosquitoes become infected with DENV when uninfected females take a blood-meal from infected hosts. From there the virus replicates within the mosquito and translocates to the mosquito salivary gland in order to be transmitted upon the next blood-meal. DENV has 5 serotypes, or distinct genotypes, with DENV-2 being the most aggressive. DENV is the cause of Dengue Fever, a mild fever in most cases, but also induces a serious Hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that can cause liver failure and death. DHF occurs most often in the elderly and early youth populations. (Human infection dynamics) DENV infects 100,000,000 million people a year worldwide, causing serious cases of DHF in 500,000 people, and 20,000 deaths. Currently there is no cure, or vaccine to treat DENV, although DENV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and over 1 billion people reside in the range of this virus. Currently Dengue Virus is in Hawaii, spreading from two confirmed cases in October 2015 to over one hundred cases as of November 2015. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l64">Line 64:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 64:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Antiviral Response Mechanisms===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Antiviral Response Mechanisms===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Density Dependence====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Density Dependence====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One proposed mechanism for <i>Wolbachia</i>’s antiviral response is characterized by the amount of <i>Wolbachia</i> distributed within a cell or tissue compared to that of the virus within a host mosquito cell. Within the wMelpop strain, high virus reduction was seen in cells with high <i>Wolbachia</i> density <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">( </del>. This finding was consistent with multiple studies within the field, but no direct mechanism for the density dependent antiviral response of <i>Wolbachia</i> was uncovered. The density dependent mechanism was refuted in a study by Lu and colleagues in 2012 (Lu et al, 2012). Lu infected <i> <i>Aedes albopictus</i> </i> mosquito cells and <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes with <i>Wolbachia</i> and then subjected them both to virus for an extended period of time. Lu found that <i>Wolbachia</i> reduced DENV titer within the mosquito. Lu also witnessed that <i>Wolbachia</i> did induce some density dependent inhibition of DENV in mosquito cells. Lu saw a negative correlation between <i>Wolbachia</i> densities within cells compared to virus density. However Lu measured the amount of <i>Wolbachia</i> within <i>Ae. ae</i> midgut and <i>Ae. albopictus</i> cells, and determined that the amount of <i>Wolbachia</i> present was not enough to inhibit DENV infection. According to the model, Lu estimated that the amount of <i>Wolbachia</i> necessary to inhibit DENV infection was at least 99.5% more than what was found in the either the mosquito midgut or in cells. Therefore Lu concluded that other mechanisms that may be effected by <i>Wolbachia</i> density were the root of <i>Wolbachia</i>’s antiviral response. Lu measured the amount of a Toll pathway protein, DEFD, expressed in the presence of <i>Wolbachia</i>. Lu found that an increase in <i>Wolbachia</i> density also yielded an increase in the expression of DEFD. With this information Lu concluded that density of <i>Wolbachia</i> within a cell does play a part in the inhibition of a viral infection, but it isn’t the only mechanism at work.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One proposed mechanism for <i>Wolbachia</i>’s antiviral response is characterized by the amount of <i>Wolbachia</i> distributed within a cell or tissue compared to that of the virus within a host mosquito cell. Within the wMelpop strain, high virus reduction was seen in cells with high <i>Wolbachia</i> density. This finding was consistent with multiple studies within the field, but no direct mechanism for the density dependent antiviral response of <i>Wolbachia</i> was uncovered. The density dependent mechanism was refuted in a study by Lu and colleagues in 2012 (Lu et al, 2012). Lu infected <i> <i>Aedes albopictus</i> </i> mosquito cells and <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes with <i>Wolbachia</i> and then subjected them both to virus for an extended period of time. Lu found that <i>Wolbachia</i> reduced DENV titer within the mosquito. Lu also witnessed that <i>Wolbachia</i> did induce some density dependent inhibition of DENV in mosquito cells. Lu saw a negative correlation between <i>Wolbachia</i> densities within cells compared to virus density. However Lu measured the amount of <i>Wolbachia</i> within <i>Ae. ae</i> midgut and <i>Ae. albopictus</i> cells, and determined that the amount of <i>Wolbachia</i> present was not enough to inhibit DENV infection. According to the model, Lu estimated that the amount of <i>Wolbachia</i> necessary to inhibit DENV infection was at least 99.5% more than what was found in the either the mosquito midgut or in cells. Therefore Lu concluded that other mechanisms that may be effected by <i>Wolbachia</i> density were the root of <i>Wolbachia</i>’s antiviral response. Lu measured the amount of a Toll pathway protein, DEFD, expressed in the presence of <i>Wolbachia</i>. Lu found that an increase in <i>Wolbachia</i> density also yielded an increase in the expression of DEFD. With this information Lu concluded that density of <i>Wolbachia</i> within a cell does play a part in the inhibition of a viral infection, but it isn’t the only mechanism at work.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Competition for Host resources====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Competition for Host resources====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l82">Line 82:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 82:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Effects of Wolbachia’s strain specific diversity on mosquito vectorship==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Effects of Wolbachia’s strain specific diversity on mosquito vectorship==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:HostWolbachia.png|thumb|1500px|center|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus</del>. This was one of the first micrographs taken of the virus, in 1976. By Dr. Frederick Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/11/pdfs/et-2111.pdf CDC].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:HostWolbachia.png|thumb|1500px|center|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection against diverse RNA viruses in Drosophila and mosquito hosts</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This table is adapted </ins>This was one of the first micrographs taken of the virus, in 1976. By Dr. Frederick Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/11/pdfs/et-2111.pdf CDC].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Durenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118884&oldid=prevDurenk at 08:13, 13 December 20152015-12-13T08:13:13Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:13, 13 December 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l37">Line 37:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:CHIKVinfection.jpg|thumb|150x|left|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Electron micrograph of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ebola Zaire virus. This was one </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the first micrographs taken of the virus, in 1976. By Dr. Frederick Murphy, now at U.C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Davis, then at the </del>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/11/pdfs/et-2111.pdf CDC].]][[Image:Emd-5577 (1).jpg|thumb|150x|right|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Electron micrograph </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Ebola Zaire </del>virus. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This was one of the first micrographs taken of the virus, in 1976. By Dr. Frederick Murphy, now at U.C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Davis, then at the </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wwwnc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cdc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gov</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">eid</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">article</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">21</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11/pdfs/et</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2111</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pdf CDC</del>]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:CHIKVinfection.jpg|thumb|150x|left|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chikungunya rash on </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">right foot </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a victims</ins>.[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/11/pdfs/et-2111.pdf CDC].]][[Image:Emd-5577 (1).jpg|thumb|150x|right|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chikungunya </ins>virus. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From EMDB entry 5577</ins>.[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wikipedia</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wiki</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chikungunya#</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">media</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">File:Emd</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5577</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</ins>]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of the family Togaviridae, is also a positive sense RNA virus. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were thought to be the sole vector of CHIKV. However, it was discovered that Aedes albopictus mosquitoes can also transmit CHIKV. (Lamballerie et al, 2008) saw that CHIKV virus infecting Aedes albopictus mosquitoes had an Alanine at amino acid 226 on the E1 gene mutated to a valine. Through a single amino acid mutation in the virus, Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes acquired the ability to vector and transmit Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). CHIKV is the cause of mild fever accompanied with an incapacitating arthralgia, or joint pain that can persist for months or even years. Upon the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, CHIKV replicates within dermal layer of skin and disseminates in to the blood stream. From here, CHIKV predominantly infects the muscles, joints, skin, but also the liver, spleen, and brain, to some capacity. Host immunity launches an inflammatory cell response which leads to the pain and inflammation experienced with this virus. There is also no cure, or vaccine for this virus, and treatments are based on patient symptoms. In 2013, the first case of CHIKV reached the Americas in the Caribbean. According to the CDC, before 2013, there were 28 cases of CHIKV infection a year in the US. By the end of 2014 there were 2,811 in the U.S, and 4,710 in U.S. territories.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of the family Togaviridae, is also a positive sense RNA virus. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were thought to be the sole vector of CHIKV. However, it was discovered that Aedes albopictus mosquitoes can also transmit CHIKV. (Lamballerie et al, 2008) saw that CHIKV virus infecting Aedes albopictus mosquitoes had an Alanine at amino acid 226 on the E1 gene mutated to a valine. Through a single amino acid mutation in the virus, Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes acquired the ability to vector and transmit Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). CHIKV is the cause of mild fever accompanied with an incapacitating arthralgia, or joint pain that can persist for months or even years. Upon the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, CHIKV replicates within dermal layer of skin and disseminates in to the blood stream. From here, CHIKV predominantly infects the muscles, joints, skin, but also the liver, spleen, and brain, to some capacity. Host immunity launches an inflammatory cell response which leads to the pain and inflammation experienced with this virus. There is also no cure, or vaccine for this virus, and treatments are based on patient symptoms. In 2013, the first case of CHIKV reached the Americas in the Caribbean. According to the CDC, before 2013, there were 28 cases of CHIKV infection a year in the US. By the end of 2014 there were 2,811 in the U.S, and 4,710 in U.S. territories.</div></td></tr>
</table>Durenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia-mediated_Mosquito_vector_control_against_deadly_arboviruses&diff=118883&oldid=prevDurenk at 08:04, 13 December 20152015-12-13T08:04:43Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:04, 13 December 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l52">Line 52:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Wolbachia Controls Mosquitoes and Viruses=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Wolbachia Controls Mosquitoes and Viruses=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the last 10-15 years, Wolbachia has been tested against mosquitoes and virus, as an agent to control the spread of mosquito-borne arboviruses. Wolbachia has been shown to be an effective treatment against viral proliferation in mosquitoes, viral transmission from mosquitoes, and even the ability of the mosquito to be infected. Wolbachia has been shown to lower levels of DENV, CHIKV, WNV, YFV, Plasmodium (cause of malaria) in multiple mosquito species including Aedes mosquitoes. The wMelPop However Wolbachia has shown cryptic results that raise trivial questions about the activity of Wolbachia within mosquito vectors. Wolbachia has demonstrated repressive behavior but at evolutionary cost, or even the enhancement of viral transmission [28]. Also mosquito life span was seen to increase when Wolbachia engaged in antiviral response. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the last 10-15 years, Wolbachia has been tested against mosquitoes and virus, as an agent to control the spread of mosquito-borne arboviruses. Wolbachia has been shown to be an effective treatment against viral proliferation in mosquitoes, viral transmission from mosquitoes, and even the ability of the mosquito to be infected. Wolbachia has been shown to lower levels of DENV, CHIKV, WNV, YFV, Plasmodium (cause of malaria) in multiple mosquito species including Aedes mosquitoes. The wMelPop However Wolbachia has shown cryptic results that raise trivial questions about the activity of Wolbachia within mosquito vectors. Wolbachia has demonstrated repressive behavior but at evolutionary cost, or even the enhancement of viral transmission [28]. Also mosquito life span was seen to increase when Wolbachia engaged in antiviral response. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Durenk