Yogurt: Difference between revisions

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Yogurt is a simple ecosystem whose successful manufacture relies on interactions between two lactic acid bacteria, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (Lb. bulgaricus). It is preserved by its acidity which inhibits the growth of putrefactive or pathogenic bacteria.  Different combinations of lactic acid starter and probiotic cultures allow the production of differnt yogurts with target technological characteristics, and potential nutritional and health benefits (Juillard et al., 1987).  
Yogurt is a simple ecosystem whose successful manufacture relies on interactions between two lactic acid bacteria, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (Lb. bulgaricus). It is preserved by its acidity which inhibits the growth of putrefactive or pathogenic bacteria.  Different combinations of lactic acid starter and probiotic cultures allow the production of differnt yogurts with target technological characteristics, and potential nutritional and health benefits (Juillard et al., 1987).  
However, microbial interactions, either beneficial (protocooperation) or unfavorable (antagonism) among these cultures may generate undesirable changes in the composition of the bacterial flora or microflora during the manufacture and preservation of yogurt(Bellengier et al., 1997). To study this, both sides of bacterial association has to be considered, this was done by proteolysis and quantifying formic acid in pure and mixed cultures of ''S. thermophilus'' and ''Lb. bulgaricus''.
However, microbial interactions, either beneficial (protocooperation) or unfavorable (antagonism) among these cultures may generate undesirable changes in the composition of the bacterial flora or microflora during the manufacture and preservation of yogurt(Bellengier et al., 1997). To study this, both sides of bacterial association has to be considered, this was done by proteolysis and quantifying formic acid in pure and mixed cultures of ''S. thermophilus'' and ''Lb. bulgaricus''.
In the pure cultures, ''S. thermophilus'' CNRZ385 exhibited better growth than the two Lb. bularicus strains(1038 and CNRZ397).  The different proteolytic capacities of the two strains of ''Lb. bulgaricus''(1038 & 397) attributed to both positive(1038) and negative(397) associations.   
In the pure cultures, ''S. thermophilus'' CNRZ385 exhibited better growth than the two ''Lb. bularicus'' strains(1038 and CNRZ397).  The different proteolytic capacities of the two strains of ''Lb. bulgaricus''(1038 & 397) attributed to both positive(1038) and negative(397) associations.   
In contrast, the bacterial association had no significant effect on Lb. bulgaricus growth, possibly because of an insufficient production of formic acid by the S. thermophilus strain. We also showed that the S. thermophilus/Lb. bulgarius association affected the production of volatile molecules involved in flavour development(Courtin, 2003) In a similar study, Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was to be able to inhibit S. thermophilus strains. And Lb. acidophilus was the sole species that was inhibited by the others (Lb. casei and Bifidobacterium), among probiotic cultures. This demonstrated that stimulation, delay, complete inhibition of growth, and no effects are four types of behaviors that occur between lactic acid and probiotic baterias (Vinderola, 2002). Contrary to the interactions among the strains S. thermophilus/Lb. bulgarius interaction affected the production of volatile molecules involved in flavour development.
In contrast, the bacterial association had no significant effect on ''Lb. bulgaricus'' growth, possibly because of an insufficient production of formic acid by the ''S. thermophilus'' strain(Courtin, 2003). In a similar study, ''Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus'' was to be able to inhibit ''S. thermophilus'' strains. And ''Lb. acidophilus'' was the sole species that was inhibited by the others (''Lb. casei and Bifidobacterium''), among probiotic cultures. This demonstrated that stimulation, delay, complete inhibition of growth, and no effects are four types of behaviors that occur between lactic acid and probiotic baterias (Vinderola, 2002). Contrary to the interactions among the strains ''S. thermophilus/Lb. bulgarius'' interaction affected the production of volatile molecules involved in flavour development.


==Other Niches Affecting Microbes in Yogurt==  
==Other Niches Affecting Microbes in Yogurt==  

Revision as of 16:51, 27 August 2008

Template:Biorealm Niche



Classification

Higher order taxa:

Species:

Introduction of Yogurt Niche

Description of Niche

Yogurt is a dairy product that is made by blending fermented milk with different ingredients that gives flavor and color. Yogurt was discovered accidentally thousands of years ago. It has been said that the origin of yogurt is from Mesopotamia because evidence shows that these people reared goats and sheep at around 5000 B.C. The milk from the animals was stored in gourds, which formed a curd naturally in warm climate. The early form of yogurt was the curd. Yogurt is made with a variety of ingredients including milk, sugars, stabilizers fruits and flavors and a bacterial culture called Lactobacillus bulgaricus.In the process of fermentation, the organism interacts with the milk and converts it to a curd. In addition, it changes the flavor of milk to a yogurt flavor and acetaldehyde contributes to this process.Yogurt is a good source of vitamin B, protein and calcium, it is more digestible than fresh milk and it keeps the intestinal system populated with good bacteria and in healthy condition.

Location

Yogurt is a commercial product that is available in grocery stores, supermarkets, and restaurants.

Physical Conditions

In making of the modern day yogurt, bacterias such as L.acidophilus or a lactose-fermenting yeast is introduced into concentrated sterilized milk and milk solids. The product is kept for 4 to 5 hours at 110 – 112 °F (43 – 44 °C) until it forms a cord. Yogurt is mostly stored in the fridge and if frozen it destroys most of the beneficial bacteria.

Microbes Specific to Yogurt

Yogurt Microbial Community

The most common microbial ingredients inside yogurt includes the species Streptococcus Salivarius subsp. thermophilis (http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Streptococcus_salivarius) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaris (http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Lactobacillus_delbrueckii). Often these two are both co-cultured with other lactic acid bacteria for health and taste effects. Some of these probiotics include but are not limited to L. acidophilus (http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Lactobacillus_acidophilus), L. casei and Bifidobactium species. (http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bifidobacterium_adolescentis)

Are there any other non-microbes present?

Microbial Interactions

Yogurt is a simple ecosystem whose successful manufacture relies on interactions between two lactic acid bacteria, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (Lb. bulgaricus). It is preserved by its acidity which inhibits the growth of putrefactive or pathogenic bacteria. Different combinations of lactic acid starter and probiotic cultures allow the production of differnt yogurts with target technological characteristics, and potential nutritional and health benefits (Juillard et al., 1987). However, microbial interactions, either beneficial (protocooperation) or unfavorable (antagonism) among these cultures may generate undesirable changes in the composition of the bacterial flora or microflora during the manufacture and preservation of yogurt(Bellengier et al., 1997). To study this, both sides of bacterial association has to be considered, this was done by proteolysis and quantifying formic acid in pure and mixed cultures of S. thermophilus and Lb. bulgaricus. In the pure cultures, S. thermophilus CNRZ385 exhibited better growth than the two Lb. bularicus strains(1038 and CNRZ397). The different proteolytic capacities of the two strains of Lb. bulgaricus(1038 & 397) attributed to both positive(1038) and negative(397) associations. In contrast, the bacterial association had no significant effect on Lb. bulgaricus growth, possibly because of an insufficient production of formic acid by the S. thermophilus strain(Courtin, 2003). In a similar study, Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was to be able to inhibit S. thermophilus strains. And Lb. acidophilus was the sole species that was inhibited by the others (Lb. casei and Bifidobacterium), among probiotic cultures. This demonstrated that stimulation, delay, complete inhibition of growth, and no effects are four types of behaviors that occur between lactic acid and probiotic baterias (Vinderola, 2002). Contrary to the interactions among the strains S. thermophilus/Lb. bulgarius interaction affected the production of volatile molecules involved in flavour development.

Other Niches Affecting Microbes in Yogurt

Influence by Adjacent Communities

The yogurt niche and its environment overlap its similarity between some of the other dairy niches, specifically being the milk niche which is the root of all dairy niches. The making of yogurt is first through the transition of the milk niche. Firstly, yogurt is made from fermented milk. Milk is rich in sugars, more specifically the sugar being lactose. An environment rich in sugars is an environment that microbes love to thrive in; thus, milk is a great feast for microbes. The following are a list of microbes that thrive in milk. Of all the microbes that live in milk, the Bacillus family and the Streptococcus family is the one that overlaps into the yogurt niche. However, there are only two particular microbes that feast in yogurt which are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. So, as we can see there is a similarity between the microbes that thrive in milk to the ones that thrive in yogurt.

Related Microbes in Adjacent Communities

1. Streptococcus lactis

    Purpose: Souring	
    Method: Lactose-lactic acid precipitation

2. Streptococcus bulgaricus

    Purpose: Souring	
    Method: Lactose-lactic acid precipitation

3. Lactobacillus casei

    Purpose: Cheese ripening	
    Method: Controls altermentation.

4. E coil

    Purpose: Souring & gassiness	
    Method: Lactic acid & gases and affects cheese ripening.

5. Bacillus substallis

    Purpose: Protecolysis	
    Method: flavors change.

6. Alkaligenes viscus

    Purpose: Ropiness	
    Method: Ropi milk

7. S Streptococcus liquifiecence

    Purpose: Bitter Flavour	
    Method:Bitter flavour to cream &butter.

8. Bacillus substallis

    Purpose: Sweet curdling	
    Method: Curd formation

9. Streptococcus paracitrovorus

    Purpose: Attacks citric acid	
    Method: Flavors curd.

Conditions under which the environment changes

In the process of using the lactose sugar from the milk, Lactobacillus produces acid which makes the yogurt sour and a less suitable place for other microbes. This is why there is a dramatic decrease in the amount of microbes that live in the yogurt niche when compared to the milk niche. Thus the essential conversion between milk to yogurt is the acidic levels. The increase in acidic levels is the sourness that is tasted in yogurt which lacks in milk, another characteristic difference. Lactic acid also known as lactate is not good for bacteria. So, as a response to this change in environment, they excrete lactate into their environment. This again is what causes the pH to fall to become more acidic. Another affect of excreting lactate is that the protein molecules in the milk become denatured. What this means is that the protiens unfold from their normal structures and become disordered. After becoming distroted, the protein molecules begin to stick to each other forming a semi-solid matrix. Thus, this is what gives the yogurt a semi-solid state, another characteristic different from the liquid-milk.

Microbe Metabolism and Its effect on environment and human body

Lactobacillus

Lactobacillus is found to be living in highly acidic environments of pH 4-5 or lower, thereby altering the pH and suppressing pathogens by producing lactic acid. Under the optimal temperature of 37°C, it derives the energy, such as ATP, by converting the glucose to lactic acid through homolactic fermentation. Nevertheless, it is unable to breakdown complex sugars, like ribose, under the optimal temperature. In addition, Lactobacillus secretes nonbacteriocin antibacterial substances. In humans, Lactobacillus is found in the gut and vagina. In the vagina, it plays an important role by keeping the pH low to deter infection.

Streptococcus thermophilus

Under the optimal temperature of 42°C, Streptococcus thermophilus, can generate ATP through fermentation. In contrast to Lactobacillus, it is also able to produce ATP through aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen. Through fermentation, it converts lactose to lactic acid at the optimal pH of 4.6. In humans, Streptococcus thermophilus is found in the upper part of the intestine and can help people with lactase-deficiency to digest lactose due to the low level of lactase they produce.

Probiotic

Probiotics that are specific to genus Lactobascillus are found in foods and also food supplements. It is the most common bacteria that is classified as a probiotic as it is considered to be a "friendly" bacteria. While inhabiting in the intestine and the vagina, the purpose of this friendly microbe is to prevent other "bad" microbes which cause diseases. This is done by proliferating at the intesntine. Thus, the Lactrobascillus microbe acts as a defense system. This is accomplished through a variety of mechanisms. For example, the breakdown of food by Lactobascillus acidophilus leads to production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and other byproducts that make the environment hostile for undesired organisms. Other probiotics responses include improving lactose absorption digestion in people who are lactose intolerant, enhancing the immune response, and alleviating symptoms of the bowel syndrome.

Current Research

Milk fermented with yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei compared with yogurt and gelled milk: influence on intestinal microflora in healthy infants (4)

Consuming fermented dairy products have profound health effects, such as providing the minerals and vitamins to humans. They regulate the equilibrium and metabolism of microflora in healthy infants. The experiment was based on comparing the effects of consumption of regular yogurt, milk fermented with yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei (YC), and nonfermented gelled milk on the fecal microflora of healthy infants who were divided in three groups, and each group received one of three products. The results show indexes, such as anaerobes, bifidobacteria, bacteroides were not modified during supplementation period. However, in the yogurt group, the number of enterococci in fecal samples had increased. In the YC group, the number of fecal lactobacillus had increased in the colon where lactobacillus may provide physiological benefits. This may prove that Lactobacillus can be used for preventing infectious diseases and stimulating the immune system.

References

(1.)Virginia Vadillo-Rodríguez, Henk J. Busscher, Willem Norde, Joop de Vries, and Henny C. van der Mei1. "Dynamic Cell Surface Hydrophobicity of Lactobacillus Strains with and without Surface Layer Proteins". Bacteriol. 2004 October; 186(19): 6647–6650.doi: 10.1128/JB.186.19.6647-6650.2004.

(2.)Jessica J.Kious. "Lactobacillus and Lactic Acid Production". LeTourneau UniversityApplied Biological Sciences Branch, Alternative Fuels Division, August 8, 2000

(3.)LYN C. RADKE-MITCHELL and W. E. SANDINE. "Influence of Temperature on Associative Growth of Streptococcus therrnophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus". Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 69, No. 10, 1986

(4.)Corinne Guerin-Danan, Claire Chabanet, Christophe Pedone, Françoise Popot, Pierre Vaissade, Christine Bouley, Odette Szylit, and Claude Andrieux. "Milk fermented with yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei compared with yogurt and gelled milk: influence on intestinal microflora in healthy infants". Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:111–7. Printed in USA. © 1998 American Society for Clinical Nutrition

(5.)[http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/80/10/2318 J. P. BURTON and G. W. TANNOCK. "Properties of Porcine and Yogurt Lactobacilli in Relation to Lactose Intolerance". Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 80, No. 10, 1997]

(6.)N. P. WONG, F. E. McDONOUGH, and A. D. HITCHINS. "Contribution of Streptococcus thermophilus to Growth-Stimulating Effect of Yogurt on Rats". Journal of Dairy Science VoI. 66, No. 3, 1983

(7.)TOMMASO SOZZI AND MARTIN B. SMILEY. "Antibiotic Resistances of Yogurt Starter Cultures Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus". APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1980, p. 862-865

(8.)Perry Romanowski. "How is yogurt made? ".

(9.)Amber Kahl. "Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus". 2007

Edited by [Chung Abbott, Ibukun Osindele, Anusha Sridharan, Jerry Wang], students of Rachel Larsen