Zoogloea ramigera: Difference between revisions

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==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
The generic name Zoogloea has its origin in the Greek language and translats as “living glue.”  It is on this description of its unique characteristic that the organism obtained its name. At one time the only recognized species of the genus Zoogloea, Zoogloea ramigera is an aerobic, chemoorganotrophic, gram-negative, straight to slightly curved rod shaped, nonspore forming bacteria. Zoogloea ramigera occur free living in organically poluted fresh water and waste water at all stages of treatment.  
The generic name Zoogloea has its origin in the Greek language and translates as “living glue.”  It is on this description of its unique characteristic that the organism obtained its name. Initially the only recognized species of the genus Zoogloea, Zoogloea ramigera is an aerobic, chemoorganotrophic, gram-negative, straight to slightly curved rod shaped, nonspore forming bacteria. Zoogloea ramigera occur free living in organically poluted fresh water and waste water at all stages of treatment.  
   www.mikroskopie.de/schlamm/bilder/zoogloea.jpg
   www.mikroskopie.de/schlamm/bilder/zoogloea.jpg
==Genome structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
Does it have any plasmids?  Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?


==Cell Structure and Metabloism==
==Cell Structure and Metabloism==
These bacteria are arranged in sharply demarcated columns or fingers which protrude from clusters and constitute the historically recognized growth form of Zoogloea ramigera. Cells are nonpigmented and in older cultures may be encapsulated. They are actively motile and
These bacteria are arranged in sharply demarcated columns or fingers which protrude from clusters and constitute the historically recognized growth form of Zoogloea ramigera. Cells are nonpigmented. Cells in older cultures may be encapsulated. Although aerobic, growth may occur anaerobicly in the presence of nitrate.  The preferred temperature for growth is 28-37 degrees C.  Zoogloea ramigera flourish in an environment with a pH of 7.0-7.5.  This organism is Oxidase positive and weakly Catalase positive.  The formation of flocs and films in liquid media at late stages of growth are distinguished by treelike or fingerlike morphology.  Colonies on C4 agar, at 3-4 days, reach 1mm in diameter are circular, raised, & translucent  with opaque centers of gray or white.  Edges are entire or lobate.  Mature colonies are tenacious and cohesive and can be lifted from agar surface intact with a needle. Zoogloea are not fastidious nutritionally and may be cultured on a variety of organic carbon sources in a simple defined media.  Actively mobile, Zoogloea ramigera has a single polar flagellum.  This bacteria forms characteristic cell aggregates surrounded by gellatinous matrices, called zoogloeal matrices, composed if extracellular polymer strands of polysaccharides.


==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
64.5% G/C


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.
This organism  plays an important part in waste water treatment by its ability to lower biological oxygen demand and by promoting the formation of sludge deposits.  It is the typical activated sludge bacterium responsible for the formation of activated sludge flocs. High levels of Z. ramigera cells and typical morphology were often linked to overloading sewage plants.  This bacteria forms compact flocs that settle to the bottom of treatment tanks and assist in the purification process.


==Pathology==
==Pathology==
How does this organism cause disease?  Human, animal, plant hosts?  Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
Zoogloea ramigera is nonpathogenic.


==Application to Biotechnology==
==Application to Biotechnology==
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes?  What are they and how are they used?
It is thought that Zoogloea ramigera is an indicator orgainsm for organic polluted environments and waste water.  However, this does not seem to be universally true.
Poly-B-hydroxbutyrate, a key component in the manufacture of biodegradable platics, is a product of Zoogloea ramigera when carbon sources are in abundance with the enzyme B-ketothiolase.
Zoogloea ramigera is used in the bioaorption of metals in water sources.
By recombiant DNA technology, isolation of the complete thiolase gene sequence has been successful.


==Current Research==
==Current Research==


Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required
The gene coding for the biosynthetic thiolase from Zoogloea ramgera has been isolated by using antibody screening methods to direct its expression in Escheria coli under transcriptional control of the lac promoter.  (Peoples, Masamune, Walsh, Sinskey – 1986)
 
Zoogloea ramgera has long been considered the typical activated sludge bacterium responsible for the formation of activated sludge flocs.  Findings indicate relatively high levels of Z. ramigera  cells and typical morphology tended to be linked to overloading sewage plants. (Rossello-Mora, Wagner, Amann, Schleifer – 1994)
 
The taxonomic position of a misclassified strain, Zoogloea ramigera IAM 12760T was reevaluated.  Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic information, it was proposed that this organism should be reclassified in a new taxon with the name Duganella zoogloeoides gen. nov., sp. Nov.  (Hiraishi, Shin, Sugiyama - 1997)


==References==
==References==
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
Hiraishi, A., Shin, Y. K., Sugiyama, J.  “Proposal To Reclassify Zoogloeal ramigera IAM 12670 (P. R. Dugan 115) as Duganella zoogloeoides gen. nov., sp. nov.” International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Oct. 1997., Volume 47, No. 4, p. 1249-1251.
 
Rossello-Mora, R.A., Wagner, M., Amann, R., Schleifer, K. H. “The Abundance of Zoogloea ramigera in Sewage Treatment Plants.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Feb. 1995, Volume 61, No. 2, p. 702-705.
 
Peoples, O. P., Masamune, S., Walsh, C. T., Sinskey, A. J. “Biosynthetic Thiolase from Zoogloea ramigera.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1987. Volume 262, No.1 p. 97-102.
 
Banks, M., Zoogloea ramigera. http://web.umr.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2001/zoogleoa_ramigera.html.
 
Friedman, B. A., Dugan, P. R. “Identification of the Zoogloea species and the Relationship of Zoogloeal Matrix and Floc Formation.” Journal of Bacteriology. May 1968. Vol. 95, No. 5 p. 1903-1909.
 
Korean Agriculture Culture Collection. http://kacc.rda.go.kr/eng/menu2/2_1_result_det.asp?page=1&slt_ser=sc&spe=&gen=z&ck=Zoogloea%3Bramigera%3B.
 
Bauman, R. W., Microbiology. 2004. p. 333.
 
Bergy, D. H., Holt, J. G. Bergey's Manual of Derteminative Bacteriology. p. 101. http://books.google.com/books?id=jtMLzaa5ONcC&pg=PA101&dq=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Determinative+Bacteriology+zoogloea+ramigera&sig=8he0LYi4fN8u-HUPXQIqJku3LjE


Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]
Garity, G. M. Bergey's Systematic Bacteriology. 2005. Springer. p 913-917. http://books.google.com/books?id=9cwgo-9IyTUC&pg=RA1-PA918&dq=zoogloea+ramigera&sig=m-4te_DDhwyeNqosRgT5rMQpu-w

Latest revision as of 17:54, 16 September 2010

This student page has not been curated.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Zoogloea ramigera

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Rhodocycales; Zoogloea

Species

Zoogloea ramigera

Description and significance

The generic name Zoogloea has its origin in the Greek language and translates as “living glue.” It is on this description of its unique characteristic that the organism obtained its name. Initially the only recognized species of the genus Zoogloea, Zoogloea ramigera is an aerobic, chemoorganotrophic, gram-negative, straight to slightly curved rod shaped, nonspore forming bacteria. Zoogloea ramigera occur free living in organically poluted fresh water and waste water at all stages of treatment.

 www.mikroskopie.de/schlamm/bilder/zoogloea.jpg

Cell Structure and Metabloism

These bacteria are arranged in sharply demarcated columns or fingers which protrude from clusters and constitute the historically recognized growth form of Zoogloea ramigera. Cells are nonpigmented. Cells in older cultures may be encapsulated. Although aerobic, growth may occur anaerobicly in the presence of nitrate. The preferred temperature for growth is 28-37 degrees C. Zoogloea ramigera flourish in an environment with a pH of 7.0-7.5. This organism is Oxidase positive and weakly Catalase positive. The formation of flocs and films in liquid media at late stages of growth are distinguished by treelike or fingerlike morphology. Colonies on C4 agar, at 3-4 days, reach 1mm in diameter are circular, raised, & translucent with opaque centers of gray or white. Edges are entire or lobate. Mature colonies are tenacious and cohesive and can be lifted from agar surface intact with a needle. Zoogloea are not fastidious nutritionally and may be cultured on a variety of organic carbon sources in a simple defined media. Actively mobile, Zoogloea ramigera has a single polar flagellum. This bacteria forms characteristic cell aggregates surrounded by gellatinous matrices, called zoogloeal matrices, composed if extracellular polymer strands of polysaccharides.

Genome structure

64.5% G/C

Ecology

This organism plays an important part in waste water treatment by its ability to lower biological oxygen demand and by promoting the formation of sludge deposits. It is the typical activated sludge bacterium responsible for the formation of activated sludge flocs. High levels of Z. ramigera cells and typical morphology were often linked to overloading sewage plants. This bacteria forms compact flocs that settle to the bottom of treatment tanks and assist in the purification process.

Pathology

Zoogloea ramigera is nonpathogenic.

Application to Biotechnology

It is thought that Zoogloea ramigera is an indicator orgainsm for organic polluted environments and waste water. However, this does not seem to be universally true. Poly-B-hydroxbutyrate, a key component in the manufacture of biodegradable platics, is a product of Zoogloea ramigera when carbon sources are in abundance with the enzyme B-ketothiolase. Zoogloea ramigera is used in the bioaorption of metals in water sources. By recombiant DNA technology, isolation of the complete thiolase gene sequence has been successful.

Current Research

The gene coding for the biosynthetic thiolase from Zoogloea ramgera has been isolated by using antibody screening methods to direct its expression in Escheria coli under transcriptional control of the lac promoter. (Peoples, Masamune, Walsh, Sinskey – 1986)

Zoogloea ramgera has long been considered the typical activated sludge bacterium responsible for the formation of activated sludge flocs. Findings indicate relatively high levels of Z. ramigera cells and typical morphology tended to be linked to overloading sewage plants. (Rossello-Mora, Wagner, Amann, Schleifer – 1994)

The taxonomic position of a misclassified strain, Zoogloea ramigera IAM 12760T was reevaluated. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic information, it was proposed that this organism should be reclassified in a new taxon with the name Duganella zoogloeoides gen. nov., sp. Nov. (Hiraishi, Shin, Sugiyama - 1997)

References

Hiraishi, A., Shin, Y. K., Sugiyama, J. “Proposal To Reclassify Zoogloeal ramigera IAM 12670 (P. R. Dugan 115) as Duganella zoogloeoides gen. nov., sp. nov.” International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Oct. 1997., Volume 47, No. 4, p. 1249-1251.

Rossello-Mora, R.A., Wagner, M., Amann, R., Schleifer, K. H. “The Abundance of Zoogloea ramigera in Sewage Treatment Plants.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Feb. 1995, Volume 61, No. 2, p. 702-705.

Peoples, O. P., Masamune, S., Walsh, C. T., Sinskey, A. J. “Biosynthetic Thiolase from Zoogloea ramigera.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1987. Volume 262, No.1 p. 97-102.

Banks, M., Zoogloea ramigera. http://web.umr.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2001/zoogleoa_ramigera.html.

Friedman, B. A., Dugan, P. R. “Identification of the Zoogloea species and the Relationship of Zoogloeal Matrix and Floc Formation.” Journal of Bacteriology. May 1968. Vol. 95, No. 5 p. 1903-1909.

Korean Agriculture Culture Collection. http://kacc.rda.go.kr/eng/menu2/2_1_result_det.asp?page=1&slt_ser=sc&spe=&gen=z&ck=Zoogloea%3Bramigera%3B.

Bauman, R. W., Microbiology. 2004. p. 333.

Bergy, D. H., Holt, J. G. Bergey's Manual of Derteminative Bacteriology. p. 101. http://books.google.com/books?id=jtMLzaa5ONcC&pg=PA101&dq=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Determinative+Bacteriology+zoogloea+ramigera&sig=8he0LYi4fN8u-HUPXQIqJku3LjE

Garity, G. M. Bergey's Systematic Bacteriology. 2005. Springer. p 913-917. http://books.google.com/books?id=9cwgo-9IyTUC&pg=RA1-PA918&dq=zoogloea+ramigera&sig=m-4te_DDhwyeNqosRgT5rMQpu-w