View source for Bacillus cereus biol 2402

{{Uncurated}}
==Classification==

Domain: Bacteria
 
Phylum: Firmicutes

Class: Bacilli

Order: Bacillales

Family: Bacillaceae 

[Others may be used.  Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]

===Species===
Genus: Bacillus

Species Group: Bacillus cereus group
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==Habitat Information ==
The dirt sample that the B. cereus came from was collected on September 3, 2015 in Lakeway, Texas. The dirt was in a shady area underneath some trees between a creek and a small field. It was 91 degrees Fahrenheit, 44% humidity, and had not rained in the past 24 hours. The dirt was collected from about 2 inches below the surface. Approximate grid coordinates from the NRCS soil map are 3359230 x 598060. Soil type according to the NRCS soil map is volente silty clay loam, 1 to 8% slopes.

==Description and Significance==
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.

<b>Colony Appearance:</b> Matte, white, flat colonies with irregular to lobate margins.<br>
<b>Cellular Appearance:</b> Rod-shaped, endospore forming, and Gram-positive.

==Genome Structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.


<b>GENOME OVERVIEW</b><br>
The chromosome of B. cereus is circular with about 5,411,809 nucleotides [2].  
<br>The following make up the genomic structure of B. cereus [2]:
*5481 genes
*5234 protein coding genes
*147 structural RNAs
*5, 366 RNA operons 


<b>S RIBOSOMAL SEQUENCE</b>
<br>Through PCR, we determined that our soil organism's S Ribosomal sequence is:

Forward sequence:<br>
  ACGGAGCACGCCGCGTGAGTGATGAAGGCTTTCGGGT
  CGTAAAACTCTGTTGTTAGGGAAGAACAAGTGCTAGTTGAATAAGCTGGCACCTTGACGGTACCTAACCAGAAAGCCACG
  GCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGTGGCAAGCGTTATCCGGAATTATTGGGCGTAAAGCGCGCGCAGG
  TGGTTTCTTAAGTCTGATGTGAAAGCCCACGGCTCAACCGTGGAGGGTCATTGGAAACTGGGAGACTTGAGTGCAGAAGA
  GGAAAGTGGAATTCCATGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGAGATATGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGACTTTCTGGTCT
  GTAACTGACACTGAGGCGCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGAGTG
  CTAAGTGTTAGAGGGTTTCCGCCCTTTAGTGCTGAAGTTAACGCATTAAGCACTCCGCCTGGGGAGTACGGCCGCAAGGC
  TGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGAAGCAACGCGAAGAACCTTAC
  CAGGTCTTGACATCCTCTGAAAACCCTAGAGATAGGGCTTCTCCTTCGGGAGCAGAGTGACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCG
  TCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGATGTCATANNNTNGTTTTCC

Reverse Sequence:<br>
  ACCTGTCACTCTGCTCCCGAAGGAGAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTTTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCTGG
  TAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTCAG
  CCTTGCGGCCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAACTTCAGCACTAAAGGGCGGAAACCCTCTAACACTTAGC
  ACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTTGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCGCCTCAGTGTCAGTTACA
  GACCAGAAAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCATATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACATGGAATTCCACTTTCCT
  CTTCTGCACTCAAGTCTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCACGGTTGAGCCGTGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACCAC
  CTGCGCGCGCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGATAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAGCC
  GTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCCAGCTTATTCAACTAGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGTTTTACGA
  CCCGAAAGCCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCNCNC
  GTANAGTACTGG

==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.


==Physiology and Pathogenesis==

Biochemical characteristics, enzymes made, other characteristics that may be used to identify the organism; contributions to environment (if any).<br>
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br><br>

<b>OVERVIEW</b><br>
B. Cereus is motile, catalase positive, able to ferment glucose, unable to ferment lactose, able to reduce nitrate to non gaseous nitrogenous compounds, produces amylase, and has alpha hemolytic activity. 

We tested our sample of B. cereus for antimicrobial sensitivity with bacitracin, optochin, nafcillin, novobiocin, cefoxitin, and oxacillin. Of all of those, only novobiocin was a successful antimicrobial and  produced a zone of inhibition. We also tested four disinfectants, 70% isopropyl alcohol, 10% bleach, orange, and 100% lysol. Lysol was the only disinfectant that produced a zone of inhibition.

While B. cereus is associated mainly with food poisoning, it is being increasingly reported to be a cause of serious and potentially fatal non-gastrointestinal-tract infections.The pathogenicity of B. cereus, whether intestinal or nonintestinal, is intimately associated with the production of tissue-destructive exoenzymes. Among these secreted toxins are four hemolysins, three distinct phospholipases, an emesis-inducing toxin, and proteases. [1].


<b>BIOCHEMICAL TEST RESULTS</b>
*<b>Phenol Red Broth:</b> <i>glucose:</i> positive; <i>lactose:</i> degradation of peptone, alkaline end products; <i>sucrose:</i> degradation of peptone, alkaline end products
*<b>Starch Hydrolysis:</b> positive
*<b>Casein Hydrolysis:</b> slight positive
*<b>Gelatin Hydrolysis:</b> positive
*<b>DNA Hydrolysis:</b> negative
*<b>Lipid Hydrolysis:</b> negative
*<b>Methyl Red:</b> negative
*<b>Voges Proskauer:</b> negative
*<b>Citrate Test:</b> negative
*<b>SIM Tests:</b> negative for sulfur reduction, positive for motility
*<b>Nitrate Reduction:</b> organism reduced nitrate to nongaseous nitrogenous compounds
*<b>Urea Hydrolysis:</b> negative
*<b>Triple Sugar Iron Agar:</b> negative for fermentation and sulfur reduction; peptone was catabolized aerobically with alkaline products

==References==

[1] Bottone, E. (2010). Bacillus cereus, a Volatile Human Pathogen. CMR, 382-398. doi:10.1128

[2] "Bacillus cereus". MicrobeWiki site. Accessed December 3, 2015.

==Author==
Page authored by Zaneta Wu and Desiree Weinstock, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.

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