View source for Beta lactam antibiotics

==Introduction==
β-Lactam antibiotics are the most commonly used class of antibiotics and the first class of these drugs discovered. Alexander Fleming isolated the first β-lactam antibiotic, penicillin, in 1929 from a strain of Penicillium rubens [fig 1]. His accidental discovery of the drug revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections; this class is now the most commonly prescribed injectable antibiotic in the US (1). This family of drugs is named for their central 4-membered cyclic amide (called a lactam) [fig 2]. Many investigations have converged upon the thesis that this ring, due to susceptibility for nucleophilic attack, irreversibly binds a serine residue on penicillin binding proteins, preventing complete synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. (2) Due to the widespread use of this class of drugs, bacteria have evolved to resist them by producing the enzyme β-lactamase. 

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[[Image:43008_2011_2010087_Fig2.webp|thumb|300px|left|Figure 1. Macroscopic and microscopic appearance of <br><i>Penicillium rubens</i>.[https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.12].]]

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<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
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==Section 1 Genetics==
Section titles are optional.<br>
<ref name=" abc "></ref>
Include some current research, with at least one image.
Call out each figure by number (Fig. 1).<br><br>

Sample citations: <ref name=" abc ">[http://www2.umat.edu.gh/gjt/index.php/gjt/article/viewFile/291/100 Zigli DD, Brew L, Obeng-Denteh W, Kwofie S. On the Application of Homeomorphism on Amoeba Proteus. Ghana Journal of Technology. 2021 Mar 31;5(2):43-7.]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref>
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<ref>Lee G, Low RI, Amsterdam EA, Demaria AN, Huber PW, Mason DT. <i>Hemodynamic effects of morphine and nalbuphine in acute myocardial infarction</i>. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1981 May;29(5):576-81.</ref>

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Here we cite April Murphy's paper on microbiomes of the Kokosing river. <ref name="murphy">[https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/Spectrum.00941-21 Murphy A, Barich D, Fennessy MS, Slonczewski JL. An Ohio State Scenic River Shows Elevated Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Including Acinetobacter Tetracycline and Macrolide Resistance, Downstream of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent. Microbiology Spectrum. 2021 Sep 1;9(2):e00941-21.]</ref>

==Section 2 Microbiome==
Include some current research, with a second image.<br><br>
Here we cite Murphy's microbiome research again.<ref name="murphy"></ref>
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==Conclusion==
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==References==
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<br>Edited by [Author Name], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116, 2024, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].

<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Joan Slonczewski at Kenyon College]]