Meiothermus taiwanensis: Difference between revisions
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{{Biorealm Genus}} | {{Biorealm Genus}} | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
===Higher order taxa=== | ===Higher order taxa=== | ||
Cellular organisms; Bacteria; Deinococcus-Thermus; Deinococci; Thermales; Thermaceae; Meiothermus; Meiothermus taiwanensis<sup>1</sup> | Cellular organisms; Bacteria; Deinococcus-Thermus; Deinococci; Thermales; Thermaceae; <I>Meiothermus; Meiothermus taiwanensis</I><sup>1</sup> | ||
===Species=== | ===Species=== | ||
<I>Meiothermus taiwanensis</I> strain WR-220 | |||
==Description and significance== | ==Description and significance== | ||
Meiothermus taiwanensis is a rod-shaped thermophilic bacterium that was isolated from the Wu-rai hot springs of Taipei in northern Taiwan<sup>2</sup>. This bacterium is gram-negative, non-motile, non-sporulating, produces red to red-orange pigments, and forms long filamentous trichomes<sup>2</sup>. The optimal growth temperature is between 55-60°C, but is able to survive in a temperature range of 40-70°C<sup>2</sup>. When tested, the pH range of the samples taken from the hot spring was between 6.2-7.9, but the optimal pH was 8.0 at the optimal growth temperature<sup>2</sup>. | <I>Meiothermus taiwanensis</I> is a rod-shaped thermophilic bacterium that was isolated from the Wu-rai hot springs of Taipei in northern Taiwan<sup>2</sup>. This bacterium is gram-negative, non-motile, non-sporulating, produces red to red-orange pigments, and forms long filamentous trichomes<sup>2</sup>. The optimal growth temperature is between 55-60°C, but is able to survive in a temperature range of 40-70°C<sup>2</sup>. When tested, the pH range of the samples taken from the hot spring was between 6.2-7.9, but the optimal pH was 8.0 at the optimal growth temperature<sup>2</sup>. | ||
Many thermophiles produce thermozymes that have various applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, biotechnological, food, and detergent industries. Studying these organisms may lead to the discovery of useful thermozymes that could improve the efficiency of reactions, and save money. By researching thermophiles, we may be able to incorporate their specific adaptations (like special membrane construction) to benefit ourselves or other organisms. | Many thermophiles produce thermozymes that have various applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, biotechnological, food, and detergent industries. Studying these organisms may lead to the discovery of useful thermozymes that could improve the efficiency of reactions, and save money. By researching thermophiles, we may be able to incorporate their specific adaptations (like special membrane construction) to benefit ourselves or other organisms. | ||
==Genome structure== | ==Genome structure== | ||
After performing PCR and sequencing, the 16S rDNA sequence was determined to be 1482 nt<sup>2</sup>. Comparison of this 16S rDNA sequence to the European Nucleotide Archive (EMBL) database showed that strain WR-220 belongs to the genus Meiothermus<sup>2</sup>. An interesting finding was that strain WR-220 has the same 16S rDNA sequence as strain WR-30 (with a 99.46% similarity), which was isolated from the same hot spring in Taiwan<sup>2</sup>. This was an interesting discovery because it clearly defines strains WR-220 and WR-30 as not only different species of Meiothermus, but also a separate sister cluster from other clusters (M. ruber and M. cerbereus for example). It is not unusual that the two strains have such similar genomes because they came from the same hot spring. | After performing PCR and sequencing, the 16S rDNA sequence was determined to be 1482 nt<sup>2</sup>. Comparison of this 16S rDNA sequence to the European Nucleotide Archive (EMBL) database showed that strain WR-220 belongs to the genus <I>Meiothermus</I><sup>2</sup>. An interesting finding was that strain WR-220 has the same 16S rDNA sequence as strain WR-30 (with a 99.46% similarity), which was isolated from the same hot spring in Taiwan<sup>2</sup>. This was an interesting discovery because it clearly defines strains WR-220 and WR-30 as not only different species of <I>Meiothermus</I>, but also a separate sister cluster from other clusters (<I>M. ruber</I> and <I>M. cerbereus</I> for example). It is not unusual that the two strains have such similar genomes because they came from the same hot spring. | ||
In 2013 the genome of strain WR-30 was sequenced and found to have 3,015,537bp and 74 contigs<sup>5</sup>. Not much is known about the sequence, but 13 of the genes encoded for proteins that are common drug targets<sup>5</sup>. Homology with humans included 30 genes that mostly encoded enzymes<sup>5</sup>. | In 2013 the genome of strain WR-30 was sequenced and found to have 3,015,537bp and 74 contigs<sup>5</sup>. Not much is known about the sequence, but 13 of the genes encoded for proteins that are common drug targets<sup>5</sup>. Homology with humans included 30 genes that mostly encoded enzymes<sup>5</sup>. | ||
==Cell and colony structure== | ==Cell and colony structure== | ||
Colonies of Meiothermus taiwanensis are 2-3mm in diameter and form a thin film that is red-pigmented on Meiothermus | Colonies of <I>Meiothermus taiwanensis</I> are 2-3mm in diameter and form a thin film that is red-pigmented on <I>Meiothermus</I> medium<sup>2</sup>. The cells form long filaments but are non-motile<sup>2</sup>. TEM analysis revealed a thin electron-dense layer surrounded by a thick ridged layer that was next to the cell membrane<sup>2</sup>. | ||
Thermophiles generally have unique polar lipids in their membranes to improve thermal stability. The major fatty acids identified in WR-220 using GC/MS, MS/MS, and NMR included 15:0 iso and 17:0 | Thermophiles generally have unique polar lipids in their membranes to improve thermal stability. The major fatty acids identified in WR-220 using GC/MS, MS/MS, and NMR included 15:0 iso and 17:0 iso<sup>4</sup>. The glycoglycerolipid analyzed from WR-220 was found to contain two galactoses, one glucose, one galactosamine, and one glycerol<sup>4</sup>. Bacteria typically have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. The findings of those sugars in the glycoglycerolipid in strain WR-220 was striking because they are different sugars than the ones normally found in <I>Meiothermus</I> (two or three glucoses, one galactose, either galactosamine or glucosamine, and glycerol)<sup>4</sup>. This is just another difference between <I>M. taiwanensis</I> and previously characterized species of <I>Meiothermus</I>. | ||
Bacteria typically have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. The findings of those sugars in the glycoglycerolipid in strain WR-220 was striking because they are different sugars than the ones normally found in Meiothermus (two or three glucoses, one galactose, either galactosamine or glucosamine, and glycerol)4. This is just another difference between M. taiwanensis and previously characterized species of Meiothermus. | |||
==Metabolism== | ==Metabolism== | ||
Strain WR-220 possesses cytochrome oxidase and catalase, utilizes a single carbon source, and hydrolyzes carbohydrate polymers like other strains of the genus | Strain WR-220 possesses cytochrome oxidase and catalase, utilizes a single carbon source, and hydrolyzes carbohydrate polymers like other strains of the genus <I>Meiothermus</I><sup>2</sup>. This bacterium is a heterotroph and grows aerobically<sup>2</sup>. The carbon sources L-arabinose, ribitol, and D-trehalose may be assimilated by strain WR-220<sup>2</sup>. Amino acid utilization included L-asparagine, L-glutamine, and L-arginine<sup>2</sup>. Like other members of <I>Meiothermus</I>, this strain can use the amino acids for a carbon or energy source depending on its needs<sup>2</sup>. | ||
In 2014, scientists characterized the novel galactokinase MtGalK from strain WR-2206, and E. coli was used to overexpress the enzyme, which was thermostable at | In 2014, scientists characterized the novel galactokinase MtGalK from strain WR-2206, and <I>E. coli</I> was used to overexpress the enzyme, which was thermostable at 75°C<sup>6</sup>. In the experiment MtGalK was used to synthesize sugar-1-phosphates, which are useful molecules and hard to synthesize via chemical methods<sup>6</sup>. MtGalK was used in a one-pot three-enzyme system to synthesize globotriose analogs (Gb3), which were used to further synthesize a carbohydrate antigen from breast cancer stem cells<sup>6</sup>. Although the reaction only had a 23% yield, further research may lead to a more optimized process. | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
The eight Wu-Rai hot springs can be found in southeast Taipei, | The eight Wu-Rai hot springs can be found in southeast Taipei, Taiwan<sup>3</sup>. Within these springs the temperature range appeared to be between 40-70°C<sup>2</sup>. Previously, a research team isolated and identified 25 species of thermophilic fungi from the springs<sup>3</sup>. The interactions between strain WR-220 and the other organisms residing in the springs has not been conducted, and no symbiotic relationships have been characterized. | ||
==Pathology== | ==Pathology== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
1) "Meiothermus Taiwanensis WR-220." NCBI Taxonomy Browser. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1339250&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock>. | 1) "<I>Meiothermus Taiwanensis</I> WR-220." NCBI Taxonomy Browser. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1339250&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock>. | ||
2) Chen, M., Lin, G., Lin, Y., & Tsay, S. (2002). Meiothermus taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel filamentous, thermophilic species isolated in Taiwan. International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology, 52(Pt 5), 1647-1654. | 2) Chen, M., Lin, G., Lin, Y., & Tsay, S. (2002). <I>Meiothermus taiwanensis</I> sp. nov., a novel filamentous, thermophilic species isolated in Taiwan. International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology, 52(Pt 5), 1647-1654. | ||
3) Mao-Yen Chen, Zuei-Ching Chen, Kuei-Yu Chen, & San-San Tsay. (2000). Fungal Flora of Hot Springs of Taiwan: Wu-Rai. Taiwania International Journal of Life Sciences, 45(2): 207-216. | 3) Mao-Yen Chen, Zuei-Ching Chen, Kuei-Yu Chen, & San-San Tsay. (2000). Fungal Flora of Hot Springs of Taiwan: Wu-Rai. Taiwania International Journal of Life Sciences, 45(2): 207-216. | ||
4) Feng-Ling, Y., Chun-Ping, L., Chien-Sheng, C., Mao-Yen, C., Hung-Liang, H., Yeu, S., & ... Shih-Hsiung, W. (2004). Structural determination of the polar glycoglycerolipids from thermophilic bacteria Meiothermus taiwanensis. European Journal Of Biochemistry, 271(22), 4545-4551. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04415.x | 4) Feng-Ling, Y., Chun-Ping, L., Chien-Sheng, C., Mao-Yen, C., Hung-Liang, H., Yeu, S., & ... Shih-Hsiung, W. (2004). Structural determination of the polar glycoglycerolipids from thermophilic bacteria <I>Meiothermus taiwanensis</I>. European Journal Of Biochemistry, 271(22), 4545-4551. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04415.x | ||
5) "PATRIC::Meiothermus Taiwanensis DSM 14542::Genome Overview." PATRIC Pathosystems Resource Integration Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2015. <https://www.patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Genome?cType=genome&cId=1122222.3>. | 5) "PATRIC::<I>Meiothermus Taiwanensis</I> DSM 14542::Genome Overview." PATRIC Pathosystems Resource Integration Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2015. <https://www.patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Genome?cType=genome&cId=1122222.3>. | ||
6) Li, Si-Peng, Hsiao, Wei-Chen, Yu, Ching-Ching, Chien, Wei-Ting, Lin, Hong-Jyune, Huang, Li-De, Lin, Chien-Hung, Wu, Wan-Ling, Wu, Shih-Hsiung, Lin, Chun-Cheng. (2014) Characterization of Meiothermus taiwanensis Galactokinase and its Use in the One-Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of Uridine Diphosphate-Galactose and the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Carbohydrate Antigen Stage Specific Embryonic Antigen-3. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400066 | 6) Li, Si-Peng, Hsiao, Wei-Chen, Yu, Ching-Ching, Chien, Wei-Ting, Lin, Hong-Jyune, Huang, Li-De, Lin, Chien-Hung, Wu, Wan-Ling, Wu, Shih-Hsiung, Lin, Chun-Cheng. (2014) Characterization of <I>Meiothermus taiwanensis</I> Galactokinase and its Use in the One-Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of Uridine Diphosphate-Galactose and the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Carbohydrate Antigen Stage Specific Embryonic Antigen-3. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400066 | ||
Edited by Molly Gallagher of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio | Edited by Molly Gallagher of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio | ||
Latest revision as of 15:38, 22 February 2016
A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Meiothermus taiwanensis
Classification
Higher order taxa
Cellular organisms; Bacteria; Deinococcus-Thermus; Deinococci; Thermales; Thermaceae; Meiothermus; Meiothermus taiwanensis1
Species
Meiothermus taiwanensis strain WR-220
Description and significance
Meiothermus taiwanensis is a rod-shaped thermophilic bacterium that was isolated from the Wu-rai hot springs of Taipei in northern Taiwan2. This bacterium is gram-negative, non-motile, non-sporulating, produces red to red-orange pigments, and forms long filamentous trichomes2. The optimal growth temperature is between 55-60°C, but is able to survive in a temperature range of 40-70°C2. When tested, the pH range of the samples taken from the hot spring was between 6.2-7.9, but the optimal pH was 8.0 at the optimal growth temperature2.
Many thermophiles produce thermozymes that have various applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, biotechnological, food, and detergent industries. Studying these organisms may lead to the discovery of useful thermozymes that could improve the efficiency of reactions, and save money. By researching thermophiles, we may be able to incorporate their specific adaptations (like special membrane construction) to benefit ourselves or other organisms.
Genome structure
After performing PCR and sequencing, the 16S rDNA sequence was determined to be 1482 nt2. Comparison of this 16S rDNA sequence to the European Nucleotide Archive (EMBL) database showed that strain WR-220 belongs to the genus Meiothermus2. An interesting finding was that strain WR-220 has the same 16S rDNA sequence as strain WR-30 (with a 99.46% similarity), which was isolated from the same hot spring in Taiwan2. This was an interesting discovery because it clearly defines strains WR-220 and WR-30 as not only different species of Meiothermus, but also a separate sister cluster from other clusters (M. ruber and M. cerbereus for example). It is not unusual that the two strains have such similar genomes because they came from the same hot spring.
In 2013 the genome of strain WR-30 was sequenced and found to have 3,015,537bp and 74 contigs5. Not much is known about the sequence, but 13 of the genes encoded for proteins that are common drug targets5. Homology with humans included 30 genes that mostly encoded enzymes5.
Cell and colony structure
Colonies of Meiothermus taiwanensis are 2-3mm in diameter and form a thin film that is red-pigmented on Meiothermus medium2. The cells form long filaments but are non-motile2. TEM analysis revealed a thin electron-dense layer surrounded by a thick ridged layer that was next to the cell membrane2.
Thermophiles generally have unique polar lipids in their membranes to improve thermal stability. The major fatty acids identified in WR-220 using GC/MS, MS/MS, and NMR included 15:0 iso and 17:0 iso4. The glycoglycerolipid analyzed from WR-220 was found to contain two galactoses, one glucose, one galactosamine, and one glycerol4. Bacteria typically have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. The findings of those sugars in the glycoglycerolipid in strain WR-220 was striking because they are different sugars than the ones normally found in Meiothermus (two or three glucoses, one galactose, either galactosamine or glucosamine, and glycerol)4. This is just another difference between M. taiwanensis and previously characterized species of Meiothermus.
Metabolism
Strain WR-220 possesses cytochrome oxidase and catalase, utilizes a single carbon source, and hydrolyzes carbohydrate polymers like other strains of the genus Meiothermus2. This bacterium is a heterotroph and grows aerobically2. The carbon sources L-arabinose, ribitol, and D-trehalose may be assimilated by strain WR-2202. Amino acid utilization included L-asparagine, L-glutamine, and L-arginine2. Like other members of Meiothermus, this strain can use the amino acids for a carbon or energy source depending on its needs2.
In 2014, scientists characterized the novel galactokinase MtGalK from strain WR-2206, and E. coli was used to overexpress the enzyme, which was thermostable at 75°C6. In the experiment MtGalK was used to synthesize sugar-1-phosphates, which are useful molecules and hard to synthesize via chemical methods6. MtGalK was used in a one-pot three-enzyme system to synthesize globotriose analogs (Gb3), which were used to further synthesize a carbohydrate antigen from breast cancer stem cells6. Although the reaction only had a 23% yield, further research may lead to a more optimized process.
Ecology
The eight Wu-Rai hot springs can be found in southeast Taipei, Taiwan3. Within these springs the temperature range appeared to be between 40-70°C2. Previously, a research team isolated and identified 25 species of thermophilic fungi from the springs3. The interactions between strain WR-220 and the other organisms residing in the springs has not been conducted, and no symbiotic relationships have been characterized.
Pathology
There are no reports of this bacterium causing disease in humans, animals, or plants. No virulence factors have been characterized.
References
1) "Meiothermus Taiwanensis WR-220." NCBI Taxonomy Browser. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1339250&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock>.
2) Chen, M., Lin, G., Lin, Y., & Tsay, S. (2002). Meiothermus taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel filamentous, thermophilic species isolated in Taiwan. International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology, 52(Pt 5), 1647-1654.
3) Mao-Yen Chen, Zuei-Ching Chen, Kuei-Yu Chen, & San-San Tsay. (2000). Fungal Flora of Hot Springs of Taiwan: Wu-Rai. Taiwania International Journal of Life Sciences, 45(2): 207-216.
4) Feng-Ling, Y., Chun-Ping, L., Chien-Sheng, C., Mao-Yen, C., Hung-Liang, H., Yeu, S., & ... Shih-Hsiung, W. (2004). Structural determination of the polar glycoglycerolipids from thermophilic bacteria Meiothermus taiwanensis. European Journal Of Biochemistry, 271(22), 4545-4551. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04415.x
5) "PATRIC::Meiothermus Taiwanensis DSM 14542::Genome Overview." PATRIC Pathosystems Resource Integration Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2015. <https://www.patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Genome?cType=genome&cId=1122222.3>.
6) Li, Si-Peng, Hsiao, Wei-Chen, Yu, Ching-Ching, Chien, Wei-Ting, Lin, Hong-Jyune, Huang, Li-De, Lin, Chien-Hung, Wu, Wan-Ling, Wu, Shih-Hsiung, Lin, Chun-Cheng. (2014) Characterization of Meiothermus taiwanensis Galactokinase and its Use in the One-Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of Uridine Diphosphate-Galactose and the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Carbohydrate Antigen Stage Specific Embryonic Antigen-3. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400066
Edited by Molly Gallagher of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio
