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Aimee Davidson Bench E Date

Classification

Higher order taxa

Kingdom – Domain – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus

Kingdom - Bacteria - Firmicutes - Negativicutes - Selenomonadales - Veillonellaceae - Veillonella ^[3]

Species

Species name and type strain (consult LPSN http://www.bacterio.net/index.html for this information)

Veillonella parvula strain 10790

Description and significance

Give a general description of the species (e.g. where/when was it first discovered, where is it commonly found, has it been cultured, functional role, type of bacterium [Gram+/-], morphology, etc.) and explain why it is important to study this microorganism. Examples of citations ^[1], ^[2]

In 1979 the capnocytphaga genus was first classified as a new genus of bacteria when it was deemed to have physiological differences to the similar (other specie) ^[7]. The key distinguishing features were: a 10% CO2 requirement for has phase culture; a strictly fermentative physiology; an inability to liquefy agar; and an absence of any catalase activity. The C. gingivalis strain specifically was also first isolated and classified at this time as one of eight (nine) genetically disaparate strains that all fall within the capnocytophage genus. It was originally isolated from normal human supra gingival plaque. A more extensive study resulted in a revised description of the bacteria, published in 1985 by London et al ^[11]. Some key characteristics of the C. gingival strain are summarised in Table 1 ^[11]. Of the six capnocytophaga strains found within the normal human oral flora, C gingivalis is perhaps the most rare ^[3]. The three other capnocytophaga strains are commonly found in the canine oral cavity and are responsible for bacterial infections resulting from dog bites ^[3].

Genome structure

Select a strain for which genome information (e.g. size, plasmids, distinct genes, etc.) is available.

Cell structure and metabolism

Cell wall, biofilm formation, motility, metabolic functions.

Ecology

Aerobe/anaerobe, habitat (location in the oral cavity, potential other environments) and microbe/host interactions.

C. gingivalis has been found to inhabit both supragingival and subgingival areas within the human oral cavity ^[6].

Pathology

Do these microorganisms cause disease in the oral cavity or elsewhere?

A review of medical cases studies, from 2000 to February 2016, revealed that C. gingivalis was responsible for causing disease in four separate cases. The diseases were: bacteraemia, pneumonia, sepsis, lung abscess and acute exacerbation of COPD ^[3].

C. gingivalis has demonstrated resistance to a number of the commonly prescribed antibiotics including: beta-lactams, flurorquinolones, macrolides, lincosamide and streptogramin. More specifically strains of C. gingivalis contain the blacsp-1, blacfxA2, blacfxA3, erm(F) and erm(C) genes ^[3], ^[4].

Application to biotechnology

Bioengineering, biotechnologically relevant enzyme/compound production, drug targets,…

Current research

Summarise some of the most recent discoveries regarding this species.

References

References examples

1. Sahm, K., MacGregor, B.J., Jørgensen, B.B., and Stahl, D.A. (1999) Sulphate reduction and vertical distribution of sulphate-reducing bacteria quantified by rRNA slotblot hybridization in a coastal marine sediment. Environ Microbiol 1: 65-74.

2. Human Oral Microbiome

3. List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature

5. Sabine Gronow, Sabine Welnitz, Alla Lapidus,2 Matt Nolan,2 Natalia Ivanova,2 Tijana Glavina Del Rio,2 Alex Copeland,2 Feng Chen,2 Hope Tice,2 Sam Pitluck,2 Jan-Fang Cheng,2 Elizabeth Saunders,2,3 Thomas Brettin,2,3 Cliff Han,2,3 John C. Detter,2,3 David Bruce,2,3 Lynne Goodwin,2,3 Miriam Land,2,4 Loren Hauser,2,4 Yun-Juan Chang,2,4 Cynthia D. Jeffries,2,4 Amrita Pati,2 Konstantinos Mavromatis,2 Natalia Mikhailova,2 Amy Chen,5 Krishna Palaniappan,5 Patrick Chain,2,3 Manfred Rohde,6 Markus Göker,1 Jim Bristow,2 Jonathan A. Eisen,2,7 Victor Markowitz,5 Philip Hugenholtz,2 Nikos C. Kyrpides,2, Hans-Peter Klenk,1 and Susan Lucas2 (2010) Complete genome sequence of Veillonella parvula type strain (Te3). Stand Genomic Sci 2(1): 65-74.

6. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915624/ Izumi Mashima,1,2 Citra Fragrantia Theodorea,2,3 Boonyanit Thaweboon,4 Sroisiri Thaweboon,4 and Futoshi Nakazawa2 (2016) Identification of Veillonella Species in the Tongue Biofilm by Using a Novel One-Step Polymerase Chain Reaction Method. PLoS One. 11(6):e0157516

This page is written by Aimee Davidson for the MICR3004 course, Semester 2, 2016