Arthrobacter globiformis: Difference between revisions

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==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
''Arthrobacters'' are bacteria that are typically found in soil, but are widely distributed in the environment. ''Arthrobacter globiformis'' is found in soil. ''Arthrobacter'' means “jointed small stick” in Greek. All ''Artrhobacter'' species are rods during growth and cocci in their stationary phase. Also, all ''Arthrobacter'' are gram-positive, but ''A. globifomris'' is gram-negative during exponential growth and gram-positive in its stationary phase. Conn and Dimmick (1947) introduced the genus name ''Arthrobacter'', which was revived from an old name that was proposed by Fischer. Conn and Dimmick classified three species in the genus ''Arthrobacter'' and one of the species was ''A. globiformis.'' Now there are 64 species. [[(1)]]
Bacteria of the genus ''Arthrobacters'' are typically found in soil, but are widely distributed in the environment. ''Arthrobacter globiformis'' is one of the species that is found in soil. ''Arthrobacter'' means “jointed small stick” in Greek. All ''Artrhobacter'' species are rods during growth and cocci in their stationary phase. Also, all ''Arthrobacter'' species are gram-positive, but ''A. globifomris'' is gram-negative during exponential growth and gram-positive in its stationary phase. American bacteriologists, Harold J. Conn and Isabel Dimmick, introduced the genus name ''Arthrobacter'' in 1947 reviving it from a hypothetical name that was proposed by German botanist, Alfred Fischer. Conn and Dimmick classified three species in the genus ''Arthrobacter'', and one of the species was ''A. globiformis.'' Now there are 64 species within the genus ''Arthrobacter''.


''A. globiformis'' is nonmotile. Its colonies on yeast media have no distinctive pigmentation (5). Colonies of ''A. globiformis'' that has been grown on nutrient agar is smooth, circular, convex eleveation with entire margin. Most strains from the genus ''Arthrobacter'' appear to be nonpathogenic to humans and nonsporulating. ''Arthrobacter'' is distinctive because of its unique cell division known as “snapping division.” Snapping division occurs because there are two cell wall layers and the inner layer forms a septum while the outer layer does not. When the septum formation is complete, the outer layer keeps them from being attached. Eventually, the outer wall ruptures at a joint (1).


  (Ex. [[Arthrobacter]])
  (Ex. [[Arthrobacter]])


==Genome and genetics==
==Genome and genetics==
a. To what major branch of the prokaryotes do they belong? (see textbook or Bergey’s). List 2-3 closely related but separate species or genera of bacteria.
''Arthrobacter'' have a close phylogenetic relationship with the genus ''Corynebacterium.'' ''A. globiformis'' has a 97.6% 16S rRNA gene similarity with the species ''Arthrobacter crystallopoietes.'' When the 16S rRNA sequence of ''Arthrobacter russicus'' is compared to ''A. globiformis,'' ''A. russicus'' has a 12-bp insertion, which is also found in ''Rhenibacterium salmonarum'' and other related ''Arthrobacter'' species (5). ''A. globiformis'' is one of the species of ''Arthrobacter'' that has a complete genome sequence available. Its genome was sequenced using whole genome shotgun sequencing (2). The genome analysis showed that the soil isolates have many genes encoding stress-related protein (7). The ''A. globiformis'' and ''A. citreus'' group differs from the ''A. nicotianae'' group by their lipid composition, teichoic acid, and peptidoglycan structure. The strain FB24 is a part of the ''A. globiformis/ A. citreus'' group indicated by the 16 rRNA gene sequence. The closest sequence of strain FB24 is from ''A. globiformis'' with a 98% similarity(6).''A. globiformis'' grows to 4.95 Mb in size (1).


b. Briefly describe any extra-chromosomal elements or genetic tools that are used to study the bacterium:  viruses, plasmids, transposons that allow genetic manipulation and analysis.
{|
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |
'''NCBI: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=Arthrobacter%20globiformis]'''
|}


c. Has the genome or genomes been sequenced?  If so, include the website for the database and one or two highlights of the genome.  Also indicate genome size (base pairs), %G+C (nucleotide base composition) and number of genes, and specific genes or gene regions that are unique to this organism. If it has not been sequenced, give its closest relative that has been sequenced, its website, and some general information about the related sequence.
==Nutrition and metabolism==
''A. globiformis'' uses ammonium salt or nitrate as a sole nitrogen source and glucose as a carbon and energy source. ''Arthrobacter'' species are obligate aerobes, but remarkably, ''A. globiformis'' is one of the two species of ''Arthrobacter'' that showed the ability of anaerobic respiration without nitrite, using nitrate, glucose and pyruvate as carbon sources. (5).  


The age of the media seems to be important in the morphology of ''Arthrobacter.'' In “young” culture, the bacteria is rod-like whereas in "older" culture, the bacteria is coccoid. The optimal growth temperature for the ''Arthrobacter'' species is between 20-30°C. They also prefer a neutral to slightly alkaline pH for growth.


Example: The sequence of ''Haemophilus influenzae'' was determined using whole genome shotgun sequencing (Fleischmann et al. 1995).
==Ecology==
Members of the genus''Arthrobacter'' were first found in the soil in the 19th century. Since then,  they have shown to be metabolically resourceful as they can grow on a variety of substrates. ''A. globiformis'' has a significant positive role in its environment in many ways. It has the ability to oxidize ammonium into nitrite, nitrate and hydrylamine. This is important because ''A. globiformis'' provides reliable source of nitrogen that plants need to grow. ''A. globiformis'' can also reduce pesticides as well as other harmful chemicals that are found in the soil. A lot of plants are not capable of growing in the presence of hexavalent and trivalent chromium, but ''A. globiformis'' can do so, and can even help reduce the amount of trivalent chromium (3). Due to their metabolic diversity, ''Arthrobacter'' species have been used to biodegrade diverse types of pollutants in our environment (1).


==Nutrition and metabolism==
==Current Research==
a.Describe the growth characteristics of your bacterial species; sources of C, N, electrons; respires/ferments, uses O2, etc.
In the research paper, “Increased iron-stress resilience of maize through inoculation of siderophore-producing ''Arthrobacter globiformis'' from mine,” wheat and maize were inoculated with ''A. globiformis''to increase iron-stress resilience. Iron deficiency is common among these and other graminaceous crops. Plants from iron-limiting habitats most likely have a bacterium that secrete iron-chelating molecules to mobilize and solubilize iron. ''A. globiformis'' dissolves diverse iron complexes effectively and its siderophores have a high iron chelation capacity (8).


b.What kinds of culture conditions (temp, pH, media) are needed for laboratory study? 
In 2014, a research was conducted on ''A. globiformis'', exposing it to silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles are widely used because of their antimicrobial properties. Due to their increasing use in consumer products, silver nanoparticles are sure to find their way into the environment. The results of this study showed that soils with silver nanoparticles had a concentration-dependent reduction of ''Arthrobacter'' dehydrogenase activity (4).


c.What kinds of waste, by-products, volatile compounds are generated?
==References==


==Ecology / Pathology==
1. Arthrobacter - Details. Encyclopedia of Life. [accessed 2017 Mar 30]. http://eol.org/pages/97262/details
Ecology:  How is your microorganism important in the ecosystem where it is found?  How does it impact other organisms in the environment (could be positive or negative impact)? 


Pathology: How does the microbe cause disease as it interacts with the host? Describe any specific toxins or pathways that are used for invading and causing disease in the host. What treatment is used to inhibit or kill the microbe?
2. Arthrobacter globiformis (ID 12154). National Center for Biotechnology Information. [accessed 2017 Mar 31]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=Arthrobacter globiformis


==Current Research==
3.Combined-Notes. Arthrobacteria globiformis/Combined-notes. [accessed 2017 Mar 29]. http://meaghanemma.pbworks.com/w/page/10520223/Combined-Notes.
 
4. Engelke M, Köser J, Hackmann S, Zhang H, Mädler L, Filser J. A miniaturized solid contact test with Arthrobacter globiformis for the assessment of the environmental impact of silver nanoparticles. Environmental toxicology and chemistry. 2014 May [accessed 2017 Mar 30]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24477989


Describe recent research and findings that have been done with this organism. The research can be clinical, applied or basic research. This section should be based on 2 recent papers (10 years or less) and summarized in your own words.
5. [[Goodfellow M, Whitman WB. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . Family Micrococcaceae. 2012;5:576–600.]]


==References==
6. Home - Arthrobacter sp. FB24. DOE Joint Genome Institute - JGI Genome Portal. [accessed 2017 Mar 31]. http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/art_f/art_f.home.html


1. [[Goodfellow M, Whitman WB. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . Family Micrococcaceae. 2012;5:576–600.]]
7. Niewerth H, Schuldes J, Parschat K, Kiefer P, Vorholt JA, Daniel R, Fetzner S. Complete genome sequence and metabolic potential of the quinaldine-degrading bacterium Arthrobacter sp. Rue61a. BMC Genomics. 2012 Oct 6 [accessed 2017 Mar 30]. http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-534


8.Sharma M, Mishra V, Rau N, Sharma RS. Increased iron-stress resilience of maize through inoculation of siderophore-producing Arthrobacter globiformis from mine. Journal of basic microbiology. 2016 Jul [accessed 2017 Mar 30]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26632776


Authored by CYM, a student of [mailto:jofunk@jbu.edu CJ Funk] at [http://www.jbu.edu/ John Brown University]
Authored by CYM, a student of [mailto:jofunk@jbu.edu CJ Funk] at [http://www.jbu.edu/ John Brown University]


<!-- Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of CJ Funk at John Brown University]]
<!-- Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of CJ Funk at John Brown University]]

Latest revision as of 02:28, 3 May 2017

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Micrococcineae; Micrococcaceae [1]

Species

NCBI: [2]

Arthrobacter globiformis

Description and significance

Bacteria of the genus Arthrobacters are typically found in soil, but are widely distributed in the environment. Arthrobacter globiformis is one of the species that is found in soil. Arthrobacter means “jointed small stick” in Greek. All Artrhobacter species are rods during growth and cocci in their stationary phase. Also, all Arthrobacter species are gram-positive, but A. globifomris is gram-negative during exponential growth and gram-positive in its stationary phase. American bacteriologists, Harold J. Conn and Isabel Dimmick, introduced the genus name Arthrobacter in 1947 reviving it from a hypothetical name that was proposed by German botanist, Alfred Fischer. Conn and Dimmick classified three species in the genus Arthrobacter, and one of the species was A. globiformis. Now there are 64 species within the genus Arthrobacter.

A. globiformis is nonmotile. Its colonies on yeast media have no distinctive pigmentation (5). Colonies of A. globiformis that has been grown on nutrient agar is smooth, circular, convex eleveation with entire margin. Most strains from the genus Arthrobacter appear to be nonpathogenic to humans and nonsporulating. Arthrobacter is distinctive because of its unique cell division known as “snapping division.” Snapping division occurs because there are two cell wall layers and the inner layer forms a septum while the outer layer does not. When the septum formation is complete, the outer layer keeps them from being attached. Eventually, the outer wall ruptures at a joint (1). 

(Ex. Arthrobacter)

Genome and genetics

Arthrobacter have a close phylogenetic relationship with the genus Corynebacterium. A. globiformis has a 97.6% 16S rRNA gene similarity with the species Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. When the 16S rRNA sequence of Arthrobacter russicus is compared to A. globiformis, A. russicus has a 12-bp insertion, which is also found in Rhenibacterium salmonarum and other related Arthrobacter species (5). A. globiformis is one of the species of Arthrobacter that has a complete genome sequence available. Its genome was sequenced using whole genome shotgun sequencing (2). The genome analysis showed that the soil isolates have many genes encoding stress-related protein (7). The A. globiformis and A. citreus group differs from the A. nicotianae group by their lipid composition, teichoic acid, and peptidoglycan structure. The strain FB24 is a part of the A. globiformis/ A. citreus group indicated by the 16 rRNA gene sequence. The closest sequence of strain FB24 is from A. globiformis with a 98% similarity(6).A. globiformis grows to 4.95 Mb in size (1).

NCBI: [3]

Nutrition and metabolism

A. globiformis uses ammonium salt or nitrate as a sole nitrogen source and glucose as a carbon and energy source. Arthrobacter species are obligate aerobes, but remarkably, A. globiformis is one of the two species of Arthrobacter that showed the ability of anaerobic respiration without nitrite, using nitrate, glucose and pyruvate as carbon sources. (5).

The age of the media seems to be important in the morphology of Arthrobacter. In “young” culture, the bacteria is rod-like whereas in "older" culture, the bacteria is coccoid. The optimal growth temperature for the Arthrobacter species is between 20-30°C. They also prefer a neutral to slightly alkaline pH for growth.

Ecology

Members of the genusArthrobacter were first found in the soil in the 19th century. Since then, they have shown to be metabolically resourceful as they can grow on a variety of substrates. A. globiformis has a significant positive role in its environment in many ways. It has the ability to oxidize ammonium into nitrite, nitrate and hydrylamine. This is important because A. globiformis provides reliable source of nitrogen that plants need to grow. A. globiformis can also reduce pesticides as well as other harmful chemicals that are found in the soil. A lot of plants are not capable of growing in the presence of hexavalent and trivalent chromium, but A. globiformis can do so, and can even help reduce the amount of trivalent chromium (3). Due to their metabolic diversity, Arthrobacter species have been used to biodegrade diverse types of pollutants in our environment (1).

Current Research

In the research paper, “Increased iron-stress resilience of maize through inoculation of siderophore-producing Arthrobacter globiformis from mine,” wheat and maize were inoculated with A. globiformisto increase iron-stress resilience. Iron deficiency is common among these and other graminaceous crops. Plants from iron-limiting habitats most likely have a bacterium that secrete iron-chelating molecules to mobilize and solubilize iron. A. globiformis dissolves diverse iron complexes effectively and its siderophores have a high iron chelation capacity (8).

In 2014, a research was conducted on A. globiformis, exposing it to silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles are widely used because of their antimicrobial properties. Due to their increasing use in consumer products, silver nanoparticles are sure to find their way into the environment. The results of this study showed that soils with silver nanoparticles had a concentration-dependent reduction of Arthrobacter dehydrogenase activity (4).

References

1. Arthrobacter - Details. Encyclopedia of Life. [accessed 2017 Mar 30]. http://eol.org/pages/97262/details

2. Arthrobacter globiformis (ID 12154). National Center for Biotechnology Information. [accessed 2017 Mar 31]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=Arthrobacter globiformis

3.Combined-Notes. Arthrobacteria globiformis/Combined-notes. [accessed 2017 Mar 29]. http://meaghanemma.pbworks.com/w/page/10520223/Combined-Notes.

4. Engelke M, Köser J, Hackmann S, Zhang H, Mädler L, Filser J. A miniaturized solid contact test with Arthrobacter globiformis for the assessment of the environmental impact of silver nanoparticles. Environmental toxicology and chemistry. 2014 May [accessed 2017 Mar 30]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24477989

5. Goodfellow M, Whitman WB. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . Family Micrococcaceae. 2012;5:576–600.

6. Home - Arthrobacter sp. FB24. DOE Joint Genome Institute - JGI Genome Portal. [accessed 2017 Mar 31]. http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/art_f/art_f.home.html

7. Niewerth H, Schuldes J, Parschat K, Kiefer P, Vorholt JA, Daniel R, Fetzner S. Complete genome sequence and metabolic potential of the quinaldine-degrading bacterium Arthrobacter sp. Rue61a. BMC Genomics. 2012 Oct 6 [accessed 2017 Mar 30]. http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-534

8.Sharma M, Mishra V, Rau N, Sharma RS. Increased iron-stress resilience of maize through inoculation of siderophore-producing Arthrobacter globiformis from mine. Journal of basic microbiology. 2016 Jul [accessed 2017 Mar 30]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26632776

Authored by CYM, a student of CJ Funk at John Brown University

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