The Gut Microbiome & Parkinson's disease: Difference between revisions
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==On the clinical side== | ==On the clinical side== | ||
Demonstrating causal relationships in humans when it comes to the clinical implications of brain-gut disorders is challenging [9]. What is yet to be explored pertains to possible early life influences and how they have an impact on the development of the gut microbiome and brain connection network [9]. More specifically, preclinical studies have shown that there is a direct impact on gastrointestinal disorders correlated with a developmental component [9]. Changes in the gut-brain axis and their interactions have been suggested as disease mechanisms in not only Parkinson’s, but attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, strokes, and autism spectrum disorder [9]. Translational studies have recently shown that transplantation of fecal microbiota from human donors with depression or anxiety can transmit some features or symptoms of their condition to mouse recipients [9]. | |||
Other medical conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and obesity, have much to do with the gut microbiome [9]. Studies have reported microbial shifts in the fecal microbial community between IBS and healthy subjects [9]. IBS symptom severity has also been associated with dysbiosis, which relates to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in PD [9]. Stress has also been linked to a reduction in Lactobacilli in both preclinical and clinical studies; therefore, any IBS-related differences may represent changes of autonomic nervous system modulation of the gut microbiome [9]. In obesity, enteroendocrine cells interact with the distal gut and the gut microbiota along with metabolites then modulate eating behavior [9]. Preclinical studies have shown that fecal transplantation from hyperphagic obese mice to germ-free mice successfully induced weight gain and hyperphagic behavior [9]. Changes in brain microstructure in obesity have also been noted, as there a distinct microbial brain signatures with the ability to differentiate lean and obese subjects [9]. Subjects after bariatric surgery and undergoing fecal transplantation were shown to transmit the surgery’s weight loss effects to a germ-free non operated recipient, which reduced food intake and induced overall weight loss [9]. The gut microbiota clearly has many clinical implications even beyond PD. This research and information can be used to improve conventional therapies for disorders relating to the gut-brain relationship [9]. | |||
==Conclusion== | ==Conclusion== | ||
Revision as of 23:45, 13 April 2022
Introduction to Parkinson's disease: A Gut-Brain Connection
By Ania Axas
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Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome
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The Gut Microbiome's Interactions with Parkinson's medications
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Current Research
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
On the clinical side
Demonstrating causal relationships in humans when it comes to the clinical implications of brain-gut disorders is challenging [9]. What is yet to be explored pertains to possible early life influences and how they have an impact on the development of the gut microbiome and brain connection network [9]. More specifically, preclinical studies have shown that there is a direct impact on gastrointestinal disorders correlated with a developmental component [9]. Changes in the gut-brain axis and their interactions have been suggested as disease mechanisms in not only Parkinson’s, but attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, strokes, and autism spectrum disorder [9]. Translational studies have recently shown that transplantation of fecal microbiota from human donors with depression or anxiety can transmit some features or symptoms of their condition to mouse recipients [9].
Other medical conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and obesity, have much to do with the gut microbiome [9]. Studies have reported microbial shifts in the fecal microbial community between IBS and healthy subjects [9]. IBS symptom severity has also been associated with dysbiosis, which relates to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in PD [9]. Stress has also been linked to a reduction in Lactobacilli in both preclinical and clinical studies; therefore, any IBS-related differences may represent changes of autonomic nervous system modulation of the gut microbiome [9]. In obesity, enteroendocrine cells interact with the distal gut and the gut microbiota along with metabolites then modulate eating behavior [9]. Preclinical studies have shown that fecal transplantation from hyperphagic obese mice to germ-free mice successfully induced weight gain and hyperphagic behavior [9]. Changes in brain microstructure in obesity have also been noted, as there a distinct microbial brain signatures with the ability to differentiate lean and obese subjects [9]. Subjects after bariatric surgery and undergoing fecal transplantation were shown to transmit the surgery’s weight loss effects to a germ-free non operated recipient, which reduced food intake and induced overall weight loss [9]. The gut microbiota clearly has many clinical implications even beyond PD. This research and information can be used to improve conventional therapies for disorders relating to the gut-brain relationship [9].
Conclusion
More and more research is being done on the gut-brain axis in relation to Parkinson’s disease, and finding ways to alter the gut microbiome to include more of the essential bacteria flora earlier can potentially hinder the pathology of PD altogether. Understanding what causes dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, which medications can alter the bacteria within the gut, and being aware of even more clinical implications such as obesity and IBS/IBD can make more researchers interested in finding a less elusive connection between the brain and gut. Device-assisted therapies are a very new mode of exploring the gut microbiome and its connection to Parkinson’s disease. More studies comparing the use of DATs to medications like L-dopa are necessary because they can help develop new treatment options for patients with PD. It is important to keep in mind that much research is yet to be done on this topic, and more is definitely coming as conventional medicine and therapies are changing as new knowledge and opinions are being formed. With the help of new research and more information being made available about the bidirectional relationship between the gut and the brain, more people are aware of the implications their gut microbiota have on their overall and even neurological health.
References
Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2022, Kenyon College
