Oral bacteria and cardiovascular health: Difference between revisions

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[[Image:PHIL_22882_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This illustration depicts a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated image, of a group of Gram-positive, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) bacteria. The photo credit for this image belongs to Alissa Eckert, who is a medical illustrator at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]
[[Image:PHIL_22882_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This illustration depicts a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated image, of a group of Gram-positive, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) bacteria. The photo credit for this image belongs to Alissa Eckert, who is a medical illustrator at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]


<br>Oral disease and Cardiovascular disease (CVD) are two incredibly prominent health issues in America. Oral disease and Cardiovascular disease (CVD) are two incredibly prominent health issues in America. Oral diseases or periodontal diseases are caused by infections or inflammation of the gums.<ref name=aa>Eke PI, Dye B, Wei L, Thornton-Evans G, Genco R. Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. <i>J Dent Res.</i> Published online 30 August 2012:1–7.</ref> Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tissues (gums). Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gingival sulcus which is the space between a tooth and gingival tissue. Lastly, dental caries include tooth decay, cavities, or general breakdown of teeth due to bacteria. <ref name=bb>Kholy, K., Genco, R., & Van Dyke, T. (2015). Oral infections and cardiovascular disease. Trends In Endocrinology &Amp; Metabolism, 26(6), 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.001</ref> According to the CDC, 47.2% of adults who are 30 years or older and 70.1% of adults 65 years and older report having periodontal disease. Additionally, 56.4% of men report periodontal disease whereas 38.4% of women report it.<ref name=aa/> <br>
<br>Oral disease and Cardiovascular disease (CVD) are two incredibly prominent health issues in America. Oral disease and Cardiovascular disease (CVD) are two incredibly prominent health issues in America. Oral diseases or periodontal diseases are caused by infections or inflammation of the gums.<ref name=aa>Eke PI, Dye B, Wei L, Thornton-Evans G, Genco R. Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. <i>J Dent Res.</i> Published online 30 August 2012:1–7.</ref> Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tissues (gums). Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gingival sulcus which is the space between a tooth and gingival tissue. Lastly, dental caries include tooth decay, cavities, or general breakdown of teeth due to bacteria.<ref name=bb>Kholy, K., Genco, R., & Van Dyke, T. (2015). Oral infections and cardiovascular disease. Trends In Endocrinology &Amp; Metabolism, 26(6), 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.001</ref> According to the CDC, 47.2% of adults who are 30 years or older and 70.1% of adults 65 years and older report having periodontal disease. Additionally, 56.4% of men report periodontal disease whereas 38.4% of women report it.<ref name=aa/> <br>




Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death for both men and women within the United States.<ref name=cc>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying Cause of Death, 1999–2018. CDC WONDER Online Database. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018. Accessed March 12, 2020</ref> There are several types of heart disease including valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, hypertension, and atherosclerotic disease.<ref name=dd>Dietrich, T., Webb, I., Stenhouse, L. et al. Evidence summary: the relationship between oral and cardiovascular disease. <i>Br Dent J 222 </i>, 381–385 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.224</ref> An estimated 560,000 people die due to CVD each year.<ref name=ee>Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143:e254–e743.</ref> Other types of CVD include peripheral artery disease, congestive heart failure and stroke.<ref name=bb/> <br>   
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death for both men and women within the United States.<ref name=cc>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying Cause of Death, 1999–2018. CDC WONDER Online Database. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018. Accessed March 12, 2020</ref> There are several types of heart disease including valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, hypertension, and atherosclerotic disease.<ref name=dd> Dietrich, T., Webb, I., Stenhouse, L. et al. Evidence summary: the relationship between oral and cardiovascular disease.<i>Br Dent J 222 </i>, 381–385 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.224</ref> An estimated 560,000 people die due to CVD each year.<ref name=ee> Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143:e254–e743.</ref> Other types of CVD include peripheral artery disease, congestive heart failure and stroke.<ref name=bb/> <br>   




Research in recent decades draws several connections between increased periodontal disease to increased risk of CVD. <ref name=dd/><ref name=ff> Mathews, M.J., Mathews, E.H. & Mathews, G.E. Oral health and coronary heart disease. BMC Oral Health 16, 122 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0316-7</ref><ref name=gg> Friedewald, V.E., Kornman, K.S., Beck, J.D., Genco, R., Goldfine, A., Libby, P., Offenbacher, S., Ridker, P.M., Van Dyke, T.E. and Roberts, W.C. (2009), <i>The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology Editors' Consensus: Periodontitis and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Periodontology,</i>80: 1021-1032. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2009.097001</ref>There are several connecting factors such as systemic inflammation, bacteremia, and overlapping risk factors (i.e. smoking, diabetes, etc.). <ref name=hh> Lockhart, P., Bolger, A., Papapanou, P., Osinbowale, O., Trevisan, M., & Levison, M. et al. (2012). Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: Does the Evidence Support an Independent Association?. <i> Circulation </i>, 125(20), 2520-2544. doi: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31825719f3</ref>Other studies done demonstrate reduction of certain markers of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Over the course of 6 months of periodontal therapy resulted in the lowering of c reactive proteins, improvement of endothelial function, and a lowering of carotid intima thickness.<ref name=dd/> C reactive proteins (CRP) are produced by the liver and found in blood plasma. Rising CRP levels indicate increasing inflammation or the beginning of an infection. <ref name= jj> C-<i>Reactive Protein</i> (CRP) | Labcorp. Labcorp.com. (2022). Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://www.labcorp.com/help/patient-test-info/c-reactive-protein-crp.</ref>The endothelium is a very thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels. Endothelial cells are critical to heart function because they release substances that control the heart beat (contraction and relaxation) and enzymes that regulate blood clotting, immune function and platelet adhesion. Platelets or thrombocytes are blood cells that form bone marrow and play a major role in blood clotting. The ability to clot is critical to controlling any type of bleeding. Any dysfunction of endothelial cells can be an indicator of heart disease, more specifically is a precursor to atherosclerosis. <ref name=kk> Endothelial Function Testing | Cedars-Sinai. Cedars-sinai.org. (2022). Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/heart/clinical/womens-heart/conditions/endothelial-function-testing.html#:~:text=The%20endothelium%20is%20a%20thin,substance%20in%20the%20blood)%20adhesion.</ref> <ref name=LL> Topics, H. (2022). Thrombocytopenia | Platelet Disorders | MedlinePlus. Medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://medlineplus.gov/plateletdisorders.html#:~:text=Platelets%2C%20also%20known%20as%20thrombocytes,injured%2C%20you%20start%20to%20bleed.</ref>Similar to endothelial dysfunction, thickening of the carotid intima (the inner two layers of the carotid artery) also indicates atherosclerotic disease. <ref name=mm>  Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Test (CIMT) | Cedars-Sinai. Cedars-sinai.org. (2022). Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/heart/clinical/womens-heart/conditions/cimt-carotid-intima-media-thickness-test.html.</ref> <br>
Research in recent decades draws several connections between increased periodontal disease to increased risk of CVD.<ref name=dd/><ref name=ff> Mathews, M.J., Mathews, E.H. & Mathews, G.E. Oral health and coronary heart disease. BMC Oral Health 16, 122 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0316-7</ref><ref name=gg>Friedewald, V.E., Kornman, K.S., Beck, J.D., Genco, R., Goldfine, A., Libby, P., Offenbacher, S., Ridker, P.M., Van Dyke, T.E. and Roberts, W.C. (2009), <i>The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology Editors' Consensus: Periodontitis and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Periodontology,</i>80: 1021-1032. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2009.097001</ref> There are several connecting factors such as systemic inflammation, bacteremia, and overlapping risk factors (i.e. smoking, diabetes, etc.).<ref name=hh>Lockhart, P., Bolger, A., Papapanou, P., Osinbowale, O., Trevisan, M., & Levison, M. et al. (2012). Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: Does the Evidence Support an Independent Association?. <i> Circulation </i>, 125(20), 2520-2544. doi: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31825719f3</ref> Other studies done demonstrate reduction of certain markers of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Over the course of 6 months of periodontal therapy resulted in the lowering of c reactive proteins, improvement of endothelial function, and a lowering of carotid intima thickness.<ref name=dd/> C reactive proteins (CRP) are produced by the liver and found in blood plasma. Rising CRP levels indicate increasing inflammation or the beginning of an infection.<ref name= jj> C-<i>Reactive Protein</i> (CRP) | Labcorp. Labcorp.com. (2022). Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://www.labcorp.com/help/patient-test-info/c-reactive-protein-crp.</ref> The endothelium is a very thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels. Endothelial cells are critical to heart function because they release substances that control the heart beat (contraction and relaxation) and enzymes that regulate blood clotting, immune function and platelet adhesion. Platelets or thrombocytes are blood cells that form bone marrow and play a major role in blood clotting. The ability to clot is critical to controlling any type of bleeding. Any dysfunction of endothelial cells can be an indicator of heart disease, more specifically is a precursor to atherosclerosis.<ref name=kk> Endothelial Function Testing | Cedars-Sinai. Cedars-sinai.org. (2022). Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/heart/clinical/womens-heart/conditions/endothelial-function-testing.html#:~:text=The%20endothelium%20is%20a%20thin,substance%20in%20the%20blood)%20adhesion.</ref><ref name=LL> Topics, H. (2022). Thrombocytopenia | Platelet Disorders | MedlinePlus. Medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://medlineplus.gov/plateletdisorders.html#:~:text=Platelets%2C%20also%20known%20as%20thrombocytes,injured%2C%20you%20start%20to%20bleed.</ref> Similar to endothelial dysfunction, thickening of the carotid intima (the inner two layers of the carotid artery) also indicates atherosclerotic disease.<ref name=mm>  Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Test (CIMT) | Cedars-Sinai. Cedars-sinai.org. (2022). Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/heart/clinical/womens-heart/conditions/cimt-carotid-intima-media-thickness-test.html.</ref> <br>




Revision as of 16:49, 16 April 2022

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Introduction

This illustration depicts a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated image, of a group of Gram-positive, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) bacteria. The photo credit for this image belongs to Alissa Eckert, who is a medical illustrator at the CDC.


Oral disease and Cardiovascular disease (CVD) are two incredibly prominent health issues in America. Oral disease and Cardiovascular disease (CVD) are two incredibly prominent health issues in America. Oral diseases or periodontal diseases are caused by infections or inflammation of the gums.[1] Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tissues (gums). Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gingival sulcus which is the space between a tooth and gingival tissue. Lastly, dental caries include tooth decay, cavities, or general breakdown of teeth due to bacteria.[2] According to the CDC, 47.2% of adults who are 30 years or older and 70.1% of adults 65 years and older report having periodontal disease. Additionally, 56.4% of men report periodontal disease whereas 38.4% of women report it.[1]


Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death for both men and women within the United States.[3] There are several types of heart disease including valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, hypertension, and atherosclerotic disease.[4] An estimated 560,000 people die due to CVD each year.[5] Other types of CVD include peripheral artery disease, congestive heart failure and stroke.[2]


Research in recent decades draws several connections between increased periodontal disease to increased risk of CVD.[4][6][7] There are several connecting factors such as systemic inflammation, bacteremia, and overlapping risk factors (i.e. smoking, diabetes, etc.).[8] Other studies done demonstrate reduction of certain markers of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Over the course of 6 months of periodontal therapy resulted in the lowering of c reactive proteins, improvement of endothelial function, and a lowering of carotid intima thickness.[4] C reactive proteins (CRP) are produced by the liver and found in blood plasma. Rising CRP levels indicate increasing inflammation or the beginning of an infection.[9] The endothelium is a very thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels. Endothelial cells are critical to heart function because they release substances that control the heart beat (contraction and relaxation) and enzymes that regulate blood clotting, immune function and platelet adhesion. Platelets or thrombocytes are blood cells that form bone marrow and play a major role in blood clotting. The ability to clot is critical to controlling any type of bleeding. Any dysfunction of endothelial cells can be an indicator of heart disease, more specifically is a precursor to atherosclerosis.[10][11] Similar to endothelial dysfunction, thickening of the carotid intima (the inner two layers of the carotid artery) also indicates atherosclerotic disease.[12]


Given the severity, prevalence and ramifications of cardiovascular disease and periodontal disease, it is vital to understand the nature of the relationship between the two conditions. By identifying and studying the correlating or possible causal relationships, therapies and preventative measures can be developed.







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Section 1

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Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Eke PI, Dye B, Wei L, Thornton-Evans G, Genco R. Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. Published online 30 August 2012:1–7.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kholy, K., Genco, R., & Van Dyke, T. (2015). Oral infections and cardiovascular disease. Trends In Endocrinology &Amp; Metabolism, 26(6), 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.001
  3. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying Cause of Death, 1999–2018. CDC WONDER Online Database. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018. Accessed March 12, 2020
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Dietrich, T., Webb, I., Stenhouse, L. et al. Evidence summary: the relationship between oral and cardiovascular disease.Br Dent J 222 , 381–385 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.224
  5. ↑ Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143:e254–e743.
  6. ↑ Mathews, M.J., Mathews, E.H. & Mathews, G.E. Oral health and coronary heart disease. BMC Oral Health 16, 122 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0316-7
  7. ↑ Friedewald, V.E., Kornman, K.S., Beck, J.D., Genco, R., Goldfine, A., Libby, P., Offenbacher, S., Ridker, P.M., Van Dyke, T.E. and Roberts, W.C. (2009), The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology Editors' Consensus: Periodontitis and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Periodontology,80: 1021-1032. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2009.097001
  8. ↑ Lockhart, P., Bolger, A., Papapanou, P., Osinbowale, O., Trevisan, M., & Levison, M. et al. (2012). Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: Does the Evidence Support an Independent Association?. Circulation , 125(20), 2520-2544. doi: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31825719f3
  9. ↑ C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | Labcorp. Labcorp.com. (2022). Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://www.labcorp.com/help/patient-test-info/c-reactive-protein-crp.
  10. ↑ Endothelial Function Testing | Cedars-Sinai. Cedars-sinai.org. (2022). Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/heart/clinical/womens-heart/conditions/endothelial-function-testing.html#:~:text=The%20endothelium%20is%20a%20thin,substance%20in%20the%20blood)%20adhesion.
  11. ↑ Topics, H. (2022). Thrombocytopenia | Platelet Disorders | MedlinePlus. Medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://medlineplus.gov/plateletdisorders.html#:~:text=Platelets%2C%20also%20known%20as%20thrombocytes,injured%2C%20you%20start%20to%20bleed.
  12. ↑ Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Test (CIMT) | Cedars-Sinai. Cedars-sinai.org. (2022). Retrieved 16 April 2022, from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/heart/clinical/womens-heart/conditions/cimt-carotid-intima-media-thickness-test.html.



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2022, Kenyon College

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