Vibrio fluvialis

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Classification

Bacteria; Pseudomonadota; Gammaproteobacteria; Vibrionales; Vibrionaceae

Species

NCBI: [1]

Halophilic Vibrio species

Description and Significance

Vibrio fluvialis was first announced in 1977 with its original name of group F and group EF- 6 virbios. Researchers have isolated V. fluvialis from the stool of various infected patients with acute diarrheal illnesses, gastroenteritis, and extraintestinal infections. Vibrio fluvialis is a worldwide microbe found predominantly in coastal environments; seas, estuaries, salty waters. The microbe contains curved cell morphology as the cell rod has a straight to curved ratio. V. fluvialis uses polar flagellar motility to propel itself in liquid at high speeds of 100,000 rpm. This gram-negative species are short and slim anaerobes that form S shapes and spirals.

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vibrio infections have tripled from 1996- 2010. Vibrio fluvialis is less common than other vibrio species, however; it is easily pathogenically transmitted through ingestion of contaminated raw shellfish and over exposure to brackish waters.

Genome Structure

The genome structure of V. fluvialis consists of two circular chromosomes. In detail, together the two chromosomes have more or less than 4,000 protein coding genes, 60-100 tRNA, and 5-30 rRNA. Sequencing of many strands of Vibrio fluvialis determined the genome size to range from 4.50 Mb to 5.50 Mb. An abundant amount of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes were identified as the reason for high levels of homologous recombination. The evolution of pathogenesis in Vibrio fluvialis relies on its gene structure. V. fluvialis contains different strains and gene structure correlating to different areas in the world.

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Similar to many bacterium in the vibrio species, V. fluvialis is microbiologically expressed as a gram-negative, comma-shaped, anaerobic bacterium cell. This highly motile pathogen contains one to three flagella to propel itself around its host. It was reported to test positive for oxidase and cannot form spores. On host HeLa cells, this microbe possesses El Tor-like hemolysin and performs cytotoxic and cell-vauolating activity.

Ecology and Pathogenesis

This pathogenic species thrives in warmer salt waters of 7% NaCl. The temperature of 23 degrees Celsius contributes to the growth of V. fluvialis.

Pathogenesis identification in V. fluvialis is a complex discovery as the organism’s biochemical composition is notably similar to those of the vibrio species. The cell physiology of this microbe allows survival with starvation and environmental stress for long periods of time.

References

Igbinosa, E. O., & Okoh, A. I. (2010, October). Vibrio fluvialis: An unusual enteric pathogen of increasing Public Health Concern. International journal of environmental research and public health. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996184/

Klontz, K. C., & Desenclos, J.-C. A. (n.d.). JSTOR: Browse by subject. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.jstor.org/subjects

Libretexts. (2021, January 3). 15.17f: Noncholera Vibrios. Biology LibreTexts. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Diseases/15.17%3A_Bacterial_Diseases_of_the_Digestive_System/15.17F%3A_Noncholera_Vibrios

Mandal, S., & Mandal, M. (2014, April 14). Vibrio: Vibrio cholerae. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition). Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847300003463

Okada, K., Iida, T., Kita-Tsukamoto, K., & Honda, T. (2005, January). Vibrios commonly possess two chromosomes. Journal of bacteriology. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC543535/#r46

The Pew Charitable Trusts. (2013, May 28). Vibrio infections in the U.S. increased significantly in recent years. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2013/05/28/vibrio-infections-in-the-us-increased-significantly-in-recent-years

Ramamurthy, T., Chowdhury, G., Pazhani, G. P., & Shinoda, S. (2014, March 7). Vibrio fluvialis: An emerging human pathogen. Frontiers in microbiology. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948065/

Zheng, B., Jiang, X., Cheng, H., Guo, L., Zhang, J., Xu, H., Yu, X., Huang, C., Ji, J., Ying, C., Feng, Y., Xiao, Y., & Li, L. (2017, September 19). Genome characterization of two bile-isolated vibrio fluvialis strains: An insight into pathogenicity and bile salt adaption. Nature News. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-12304-8#:~:text=General%20genome%20features&text=The%20two%20chromosomes%20contain%204%2C395,49.9%25%20(207%20contigs)

Zheng, H., Huang, Y., Liu, P., Yan, L., Zhou, Y., Yang, C., Wu, Y., Qin, J., Guo, Y., Pei, X., Guo, Y., Cui, Y., & Liang, W. (2022, February). Population genomics of the food-borne pathogen vibrio fluvialis reveals lineage associated pathogenicity-related genetic elements. Microbial genomics. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8942032/

Author

Page authored by Alexis Duran, student of Prof. Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington.