The Underground Network: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi - Sebastian Jones: Difference between revisions

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==History==
==History==
[[Image:AMFinder.png|thumb|400px|right|Image 2, AMFinder being used to identify and quantify the degree of AMF colonization in a plant root.[<b>REF12</b>].]]
The human history of understanding Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi began in 1840 when Robert Hartig when he thought he was describing a root parasite, however, paleobotanical, morphological and phylogenetic data show that more than 400 million years, plants and AMF have coevolved <b>REF11</b>. Then in 1885, Albert Bernard Frank was the first to conceptualize it. Research has continued to this day with constant technological advances allowing new discoveries to be nearly constantly made. A recent important technological advancement was the advent of computer software that automatically quantifies the degree of AMF colonization of a plant root. The discovery was made by Cambridge's Sainsbury Laboratory and it is called AMFinder. It was developed with convolutional neural networks and it is able to accurately identify colonization in several plants commonly used in AMF research <b>REF12</b>.  
The human history of understanding Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi began in 1840 when Robert Hartig when he thought he was describing a root parasite, however, paleobotanical, morphological and phylogenetic data show that more than 400 million years, plants and AMF have coevolved <b>REF11</b>. Then in 1885, Albert Bernard Frank was the first to conceptualize it. Research has continued to this day with constant technological advances allowing new discoveries to be nearly constantly made. A recent important technological advancement was the advent of computer software that automatically quantifies the degree of AMF colonization of a plant root. The discovery was made by Cambridge's Sainsbury Laboratory and it is called AMFinder. It was developed with convolutional neural networks and it is able to accurately identify colonization in several plants commonly used in AMF research <b>REF12</b>.  


Revision as of 03:25, 7 December 2022

Overview

Image 1, microscope view of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi showing Vesicles, Hyphae and Arbuscles[REF].

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are a symbiotic fungi that colonize plant roots. They are identifiable by their unique structures vesicles, hyphae and arbuscles (Image 1). Three of the most common types of mycorrhizal symbioses are, ectomycorrhizal, endomycorrhizal and ecto-endomycrorizha. AMF's are the second, endomycorrhizal REF10. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi play many roles in an ecosystem. One of the most important roles of the AMF is the transfer of Phosphorous and Carbon between it and the host plant REF. In addition, they increase the resistance of their host to salinity and heavy metals REF, insects REF, droughts REF, and soil pathogens. They have also been shown to contribute to enhanced soil; Increasing soil structure, particularly in agricultural settings and preventing the loss of important nutrients due to rainfall REF.







History

Image 2, AMFinder being used to identify and quantify the degree of AMF colonization in a plant root.[REF12].

The human history of understanding Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi began in 1840 when Robert Hartig when he thought he was describing a root parasite, however, paleobotanical, morphological and phylogenetic data show that more than 400 million years, plants and AMF have coevolved REF11. Then in 1885, Albert Bernard Frank was the first to conceptualize it. Research has continued to this day with constant technological advances allowing new discoveries to be nearly constantly made. A recent important technological advancement was the advent of computer software that automatically quantifies the degree of AMF colonization of a plant root. The discovery was made by Cambridge's Sainsbury Laboratory and it is called AMFinder. It was developed with convolutional neural networks and it is able to accurately identify colonization in several plants commonly used in AMF research REF12.

Genetics

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[3]

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Microbiome

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Conclusion

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
  2. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
  3. ↑ Lee G, Low RI, Amsterdam EA, Demaria AN, Huber PW, Mason DT. Hemodynamic effects of morphine and nalbuphine in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1981 May;29(5):576-81.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 text of the citation


Edited by [Sebastian Jones], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2022, Kenyon College.

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