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| Granulicatella adiacens
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| Lilian Sool-Esol
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| MicrobeWiki
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| Prof. Angela Hahn
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| 16 December, 2013
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| Granulicatella adiacens
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| In 1961, Frenkel and Hirsch were the first to describe the Granulicatella bacteria genus as a nutritionally variant streptococcus (NVS) (Christensen et al., 2001). The Granulicatella genus is known to be a normal flora of the upper respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of humans. Normal flora is a microorganism that normally resides at a given site and under normal circumstances does not cause disease. Granulicatella adiacens whose genus name was formerly known as Abiotrophia because the bacteria genus is believed to be nutritionally deficient and even when samples are strained in the laboratory, a supplemented media with rich agar is used to culture samples of these bacteria. The word “Abiotrophia” means life nutrition deficiency (Bizzarro et al., 2011). Granulicatella adiacens, a species of this genus is found in the oral cavity, intestine and genitourinary tract of humans (Vandana et al., 2010). Infections in these areas lead to endovascular, central nervous system, ocular, oral bone and joint and urogenital tracts infections. It is also associated with diseases like endocarditis, bacteremia and septic arthritis (Bizzarro et al., 2011). The G. adiacens has a normal commensal relationship with most the human mucosal surfaces which allows it to affect those areas of the human body and although it has the possibilities of infecting all these areas, it rarely causes diseases (Gardenier et al., 2011).
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| G. adiacens bacteria are gram positive with streptococcus morphology. Sometimes it appears as cocci, coccobacilli or rod shaped cells. The cellular morphology depends on growth conditions. Their sizes range from 0.4 to 0.6 microns. G+C content of G. adiacens bacteria DNA is around 36.6 – 37.4 mol%. This bacteria is also known to be monophyletic. It is a facultative anaerobe which can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic environments with a temperature of about thirty seven (37) degrees Celsius (Collins MD et al., 2000).
| | ==Classification== |
| A Granulicatella genus bacterium is a fastidious microorganism; meaning, it has a complex nutritional requirement and can only grow in a specific diet of nutrients. Most fastidious microorganisms require blood or hemoglobin, amino acids and some vitamins to grow. These types of microorganisms are known to cause infections in humans and other organisms that have blood or hemoglobin. This makes its identification difficult because a unique culture media is required for the growth of isolates of G. adiacens. The type of media used to culture these fastidious bacteria in the laboratory is known as BD Chocolate Agar. The chocolate agar is supplemented with hemoglobin (blood) and yeast concentrate. There are two common types of chocolate agars used; the BD Chocolate Agar (GC II Agar with IsoVitalex) and the BD Chocolate Agar (Blood Agar No. 2 Base). The GC II Agar with IsoVitalex base nutrients contains blood; casein; selected meat peptones as a source of nitrogen; phosphates, which helps to regulate pH; and corn starch which helps to neutralize toxic fatty acids that may be present in the agar. The Blood Agar base is sometimes used as a substitute. The Blood base agar contains blood, liver digest, Proteose peptone and yeast extract which serves as a source of nitrogen and other vitamins for the growth of the microbe that needs to be cultured. However, Granulicatella adiacens is plated on the BD Chocolate Agar (GC II Agar with IsoVitalex) to reveal growth of nutritionally variant streptococci. Most laboratories use either horse or sheep blood as a source of hemoglobin. A way of identifying these bacteria is that when plated on a BD Chocolate Agar (Blood Agar No. 2 Base), it shows a very slow growth compare to BD Chocolate Agar (GC II Agar with IsoVitalex) (Perkins et al., 2003 & “Instructions for Use – Ready-To-Use Plated Media." 2011).
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| Scientists find this bacteria genus difficult to identify because it also appears as a gram negative bacteria sometimes and it has a range of form of shapes in which it appears which makes it uneasy to diagnose patience suffering with infections or diseases from this microbe. On normal circumstance, clinical diseases caused by G. adiacens are identified based on their phenotypic character by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (Collins MD et al., 2000).
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| Taxonomy:
| | Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find] |
| Bacteria,
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| Firmicutes,
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| Bacilli,
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| Lacotabacillales,
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| Carnobacteriaceae,
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| Granulicatella,
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| Granulicatella adiacens.
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| BIOS: Taxonomy (http://www.gbif.org/species/119570537)
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| Below are links to pictures of G. adiacens culture growth of isolated colonies after two days of streaking each plate. We notice that there is a slower growth on the Blood base Agar. (Please Click on the links to view pictures)
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| Sample of G. adiacens growth in BD Chocolate Agar (GC II Agar with IsoVitalex)
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| (http://hampc168.blog.163.com/blog/static/1697976200701910515808/)
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| BD Chocolate Agar (Blood Agar No. 2 Base) showing slow rate of G. adiacens growth
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| (http://hampc168.blog.163.com/blog/static/1697976200701910515808/)
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| A case of an infected endocarditis
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| (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Haemophilus_parainfluenzae_Endocarditis_PHIL_851_lores.jpg)
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| | ===Species=== |
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| | '''NCBI: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1007084&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock]''' |
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| | ''Genus species'' |
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| References:
| | ==Description and Significance== |
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| Christensen JJ, Facklam RR. 2001. Granulicatella and Abiotrophia species from Human Clinical Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(10): 3520-3523 http://jcm.asm.org/content/39/10/3520.full
| | Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important. |
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| Bizzarro MJ, Callan DA, Farrel PA, Dembry L-M, Gallagher PG. 2011. Granulicatella Adiacens and Early-Onset Sepsis in Neonate. Emrg Infect Dis 17(10): 1971-1973
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| http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/content/61/Pt_6/755.full
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| Vandana KE, Mukhopadhyay C, Rau NR, Ajith V, Rajath P. 2010. Native Valve Endocarditis and Femoral Emolism due to Granulicatella Adiacens: A Rare Case Report. Braz J Infect Dis 14(6) http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702010000600015
| | ==Genome Structure== |
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| Perkins A, Osorio S, Serrano O, Del Ray MC, Sarria C, Domingo D, Lopez-Brea M. 2003. A Case of Endocarditis due to Granulicatella adiacens. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9(6): 576-577 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00646.x/full
| | Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? |
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| Gardenier JC , Hranjec T, Sawyer RG, Bonatti H. 2011. Granulicatella Adiacens Bacteremia in an Elderly Trauma Patient. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 12(3): 251-3
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21524203
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| Collins MD, Lawson PA. 2000. The Genus Abiotrophia (Kawamura et al.) is not Monophyletic: Proposal of Granulicatella gen. nov., Granulicatella adiacens comb. nov., Granulicatella Elegans comb. nov. and Granulicatella Balaenopterae comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50:365-369
| | ==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle== |
| http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/50/1/365.full.pdf
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| Collins MD, Lawson PA. 2000: Granulicatella adiacens (Bouvet et al., 1989) BIOS:Baceteriology Insight Orienting System in the Catalogue of Life in The Catalogue of Life Partnership: Catalogue of Life.
| | Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces. |
| http://www.gbif.org/species/119570537
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| “Instructions for Use – Ready-To-Use Plated Media." Bd.com. Becton Dickinson, Sept. 2011. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.
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| http://www.bd.com/resource.aspx?IDX=8994
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| == Oenococcus kitaharae == | | ==Ecology and Pathogenesis== |
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| Lineage
| | Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.<br> |
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| • Kingdom- Bacteria
| | If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br><br> |
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| • Division- firmicutes
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| • Class- Bacilli
| | ==References== |
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| • Family- Lactobacillus
| | [Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.] |
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| • Genius- Oenococcus
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| • Species- Kitaharae
| | ==Author== |
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| | Page authored by _Lee Hinson____, _____, _____, & _____, students of Prof. Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington. |
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| | <!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington]] |
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| Basic
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| Oenococcus kitaharae is a bacteria microbe that is gram positive. It can make acid from maltose. It also helps with D-glucose fermentation. Oenococcus kitaharae is made up 42 percent guanine cytosine bonds according too Lactobacillus florum sp. nov., a fructophilic species isolated from flowers by Endo, Futagawa-Endo, Sakamoto, Kitahara, and Dicks.
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| It does not have the mutSL gene, which fixes some mutations and is believed by scenticsts to have not had this gene for a long time. According to the article Role of Hypermutability in the evolution of the genus Oenococcus kitaharae has a rate of 1/13 protein mutation and that most of it its mutations are random ones without any real meaning.
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| Oenococcus kitaharae can be grown in the lab and cultured but it does take it own time to do so, for to five days longer than most similar bacteria.
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| O. kitaharae can not break down anything made of organic acids but is lactic acid loving bacteria microbe. This explains why it was in shochu residue and not wine.
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| History
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| Oenococcus kitaharae was discovered in 2006. It is currently the second member of only a two-member genus. Its genus partner is Oenococcus onei, which has been renamed.
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| Information
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| The Oenococcus genus is known for their ability to be involved with fermentation for this reason and the fact that it is present in wine the genus is studied often. However onei and kitaharae have different living environments but can have crossovers, this has been shown through PCR reactions from wine samples.
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| Some sources show that O. kitaharae can cause fermentation in some of O. onei environments well other show that it does just want it needs to stay a live.
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| No matter what there is no disagreement on the fact the fact that they can be found together.
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| Oenococcus kitaharae is much able to survive in difficult environment. Apparently, It has more DNA in the Oenococcus kitaharae. The extra pieces of DNA resemble that of a virus according an article titled Comparative Genomics of Oenococcus kitaharae. It is found in Japan in several things including flowers.
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| Sources
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| Borneman, A. R., McCarthy, J. M., Chambers, P. J., & Bartowsky, E. J. (2012). Functional divergence in the genus oenococcus as predicted by genome sequencing of the newly- described species, oenococcus kitaharae. PLoS One, 7(1), e29626. doi: 10.137
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| Endo, A., Futagawa-Endo, Y., Sakamoto, M., Kitahara, M., & Dicks, D. M. T. (2010). Lactobacillus florum sp. nov., a fructophilic species isolated from flowers. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 60, 2478–2482. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.019067-0
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| Endo, A., & Okada, S. (2006). Oenococcus kitaharae sp. nov., a non-acidophilic and non- malolactic-fermenting oenococcus isolated from a composting distilled shochu residue. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, (56), 2345-2348. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64288-0
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| Gonzalez-Arenzana, L., Lopez, R., Santamaría, P., & Lopez-Alfaro, I. (2013). Dynamics of lactic acid bacteria populations in rioja wines by pcr-dgge comparison with culture-dependent methods . Appl Microbial Biotechnol, (97), 6931-6941. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-4974-y
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| Marcobal, A. M., Sela , D. A., Wolf, Y. I., Makarova, K. S., & Mills, D. A. (2008). Role of hypermutability in the evolution of the genus oenococcus. Journal Of Bacteriology, 190(2), 564-570. doi: 10.1128/JB.01457-07
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| Michlmayr, H., Schümann, C., Wurbs, P., arreira Braz da Silva, N. M., Rogl, V., Kulbe, K. D., & del Hierro, A. M. (2010). A β-glucosidase from oenococcus oeni atcc baa-1163 with potential for aroma release in wine: Cloning and expression in e. coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 26(7), 1281-1289. doi: 10.1007/s11274-009-0299-5
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