Evolution of Insect Herbivory: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
 
Select a topic about genetics or evolution in a specific organism or ecosystem.<br>
The transition from surface streams to the perpetual darkness of underwater caves has driven remarkable evolutionary changes in the Mexican blind cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus). Within the past few million years, populations migrating into caves abandoned their functional visual systems, a trait retained by their stream-dwelling counterparts. This dramatic adaptation is not unique to cavefish; troglobitic animals, including crustaceans, insects, salamanders, and spiders, have independently evolved similar traits, such as eye degeneration and heightened reliance on non-visual sensory systems.
Overall text length (all text sections) should be at least 1,000 words (before counting references), with at least 2 images.<br><br>
 
The topic must include one section about microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists). This is easy because all organisms and ecosystems have microbes.
Globally, over a hundred species of cave-dwelling fish exhibit varying degrees of blindness and other cave-specific adaptations, such as reduced pigmentation and enhanced mechanosensory abilities. The Mexican blind cavefish serves as a model organism for exploring how extreme habitats shape life through genetic, ecological, and microbiological influence
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Biological evolution is often framed as a process of innovation, with emphasis placed on the development of new traits such as the legs of amphibians, the hair and mammary glands of mammals, or the large and complex brains of higher primates. However, this perspective overlooks an equally important evolutionary phenomenon: regressive evolution, or the loss of structures and traits that are no longer advantageous in a given environment. In many cases, evolutionary progress entails trade-offs. For a newly developed trait, an organism’s ancestors may have lost features that were no longer critical for survival. For instance, amphibians sacrificed the gills, scales, and tails that were essential to their aquatic ancestors, adapting instead to a terrestrial lifestyle. Blind cavefish exemplify regressive evolution through their loss of functional eyes and pigmentation. Living in absolute darkness, vision itself offers no survival advantage, while maintaining eyes and pigmentation would demand considerable metabolic energy. Natural selection, therefore, favors the loss of these structures. This evolutionary process illustrates that regressive changes are not failures of evolution but rather strategic responses to environmental pressures.
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[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Figure 1. Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.[https://phil.cdc.gov/details.aspx?pid=1833].]]
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Figure 1. Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.[https://phil.cdc.gov/details.aspx?pid=1833].]]
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==Section 1 The Role of Pleiotropy==
==Section 1 Genetics==
 
Section titles are optional.<br>
Pleiotropy plays a significant role in the regressive evolution of eyes in cave-dwelling organisms, including mollies and Astyanax cavefish. Pleiotropy refers to a single gene influencing multiple traits, often resulting in evolutionary trade-offs. In cavefish, for example, genes associated with eye development also affect other traits critical for survival in the dark. One prominent gene implicated in this process is the Hedgehog (Hh) gene. Its altered expression not only reduces eye size but also increases taste bud density, which improves the fish's ability to detect food in nutrient-scarce cave environments.
<ref name=" abc "></ref>
 
Include some current research, with at least one image.
Gene mapping of Mexican Astyanax reveals that three distinct genes across separate chromosomes influence eye development. Notably, one of these genes is closely associated with a gene regulating metabolic rate. This genetic linkage suggests that mutations enhancing metabolism might simultaneously impair eye development, providing evidence that pleiotropy may drive the regressive evolution of cavefish eyes. (reference)
 
Similarly, changes in jaw morphology and olfactory structures, likely linked to pleiotropic effects, further highlight the adaptive benefits of traits compensating for the loss of vision. For instance, mutations that impair eye development may also enhance the width of the olfactory pit, illustrating how natural selection can indirectly favor the loss of eyes through benefits to other systems.The absence of eyes also causes morphological changes that indirectly benefit cavefish. The bones surrounding the eye socket are repurposed, deforming the skull in ways that enhance other senses such as olfactory perception. Blind cavefish exhibit a 13% increase in the width of the olfactory pit, enlarging the surface area of the olfactory epithelium. This adaptation improves their sense of smell, enabling them to detect chemical cues, food in their environment more effectively. The deformation of the skull due to eye loss results in broader nasal structures, further increasing olfactory efficiency.
 
 
 
Call out each figure by number (Fig. 1).<br><br>
Call out each figure by number (Fig. 1).<br><br>


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<br>Edited by [Amadou Diop], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116, 2024, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].
<br>Edited by [], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116, 2024, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].


<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Joan Slonczewski at Kenyon College]]
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Joan Slonczewski at Kenyon College]]

Latest revision as of 07:14, 13 December 2024

Introduction

Select a topic about genetics or evolution in a specific organism or ecosystem.
Overall text length (all text sections) should be at least 1,000 words (before counting references), with at least 2 images.

The topic must include one section about microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists). This is easy because all organisms and ecosystems have microbes.

Compose a title for your page.
Type your exact title in the Search window, then press Go. The MicrobeWiki will invite you to create a new page with this title.

Open the BIOL 116 Class 2024 template page in "edit."
Copy ALL the text from the edit window.
Then go to YOUR OWN page; edit tab. PASTE into your own page, and edit.

Figure 1. Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.[1].


At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:
Double brackets: [[
Filename: PHIL_1181_lores.jpg
Thumbnail status: |thumb|
Pixel size: |300px|
Placement on page: |right|
Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
Closed double brackets: ]]

Other examples:
Bold
Italic
Subscript: H2O
Superscript: Fe3+



Section 1 Genetics

Section titles are optional.
[1] Include some current research, with at least one image. Call out each figure by number (Fig. 1).

Sample citations: [1] [2]

A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.

[3]

For multiple use of the same inline citation or footnote, you can use the named references feature, choosing a name to identify the inline citation, and typing [4]

[4]

Second citation of Ref 1: [1]

Here we cite April Murphy's paper on microbiomes of the Kokosing river. [5]

Section 2 Microbiome

Include some current research, with a second image.

Here we cite Murphy's microbiome research again.[5]

Conclusion

You may have a short concluding section. Overall, cite at least 5 references under References section.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zigli DD, Brew L, Obeng-Denteh W, Kwofie S. On the Application of Homeomorphism on Amoeba Proteus. Ghana Journal of Technology. 2021 Mar 31;5(2):43-7.
  2. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
  3. ↑ Lee G, Low RI, Amsterdam EA, Demaria AN, Huber PW, Mason DT. Hemodynamic effects of morphine and nalbuphine in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1981 May;29(5):576-81.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 text of the citation
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Murphy A, Barich D, Fennessy MS, Slonczewski JL. An Ohio State Scenic River Shows Elevated Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Including Acinetobacter Tetracycline and Macrolide Resistance, Downstream of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent. Microbiology Spectrum. 2021 Sep 1;9(2):e00941-21.


Edited by [], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116, 2024, Kenyon College.

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