Stentor

NCBI: Taxonomy Genome

Stentor muelleri. Photo by Pitor Rotkiewicz.

Classification

Higher order taxa

Eukaryota; Alveolata; Ciliophora; Heterotrichea; Heterotrichida; Stentoridae

Species

Stentor coeruleus Stentor polymorphous Stentor roeseli

Description and Significance

Stentor are classified within the phylum Ciliophora. They are referred to as heterotrichs because they have different cilial structures on different parts of their bodies. Stentor are among the largest aquatic protozoans.Up to 2 mm long, they are larger than some of the smallest multicellular organisms. Stentor usually attach to substrates and form a trumpet shape. If they are free-swimming, they assume an oval or pear shape. A major characteristic of Stentor is the rapid contraction and extension of the cell body.

Genome Structure

There is not yet an extensive body of research on the genome structure of Stentor.

Cell Structure and Metabolism

Stentor coeruleus in swimming form.
Photo by Pitor Rotkiewicz.

Cilia mainly cover the rim of the trumpet. In this way, Stentor resemble [../vorticella/vorticella.html Vorticella]. However, Stentor also have horizontal rows of cilia on the rest of the body to allow it to swim. Contraction and extension are controlled by two longitudinal fiber systems that are found in the cell cortex. They are called km fibers and myonemes. The primary photosensor is called stentorin. The macronucleus is an important feature of Stentor. It resembles a string of beads, consisting of nodules held together by cytoplasmic bridges.

Stentor are omnivorous heterotrophs. Typically, they feed on bacteria or other protozoans. Because of their large size, they are also capable of eating some of the smallest multicelluar organisms, such as rotifers.

Stentor typically reproduces asexually through binary fission. They can also reproduce sexually via conjugation.

Ecology

Stentor usually inhabit freshwater environments. They ingest and form photosynthetic relationships with algae, causing them to have a blue or green color.

Stentor coeruleus exhibits a behavior called photodispersal. These organisms swim away from light and prefer to inhabit dim areas. To escape light, Stentor coeruleus reverses the direction of its ciliary beat to change direction and reorient itself.

Research done on Stentor illustrates that these organsisms can escape from tubes with increasing frequency after multiple trials. It was suggested that this behavior might be associative learning. However, Hinkle and Wood (1994) illustrated that this was not the case. Because they changed tubes and media from trial to trial, this diproved the original hypothesis. Stentor escapes are learned behavior, but nonassociative.

Stentor spp. Micrographia, "Heterotrich Ciliates."

References

The Ciliate Resource Archive. "Stentor." Accessed 27 June 2005.

Dai R, Yamazaki T, Yamazaki I, Song PS. "Initial spectroscopic characterization of the ciliate photoreceptor stentorin." Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Aug 15;1231(1):58-68.

Hinkle DJ, Wood DC. "Is tube-escape learning by protozoa associative learning?" Behav Neurosci. 1994 Feb;108(1):94-9.

Huang B, Pitelka DR. "The contractile process in the ciliate, Stentor coeruleus. I. The role of microtubules and filaments." J Cell Biol. 1973 Jun;57(3):704-28.

Menzies E, Das N, Wood DC. "Behaviors producing photodispersal in Stentor coeruleus." Photochem Photobiol. 2004 Nov-Dec;80(3):401-7.

Micrographia. "Heterotrich Ciliates." Accessed 27 June 2005.

Rotkiewicz, Pitor. Droplet: Amateur Microscopy of the Protozoa.

Walker, Dave. "Protozoa - The Stentor." Micscape Magazine. Accessed 27 June 2005.