Bifidobacterium

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A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Bifidobacterium

Bifidobacterium adolescentis. From The Food Research and Development Centre in Canada, Diane Montpetit

Classification

Higher order taxa:

Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Bifidobacteriales; Bifidobacteriaceae

Species:

B. angulatum; B. animalis; B. asteroides; B. bifidum; B. boum; B. breve; B. catenulatum; B. choerinum; B. coryneforme; B. cuniculi; B. dentium; B. gallicum; B. gallinarum; B indicum; B. longum; B. magnum; B. merycicum; B. minimum; B. pseudocatenulatum; B. pseudolongum; B. psychraerophilum; B. pullorum; B. ruminantium; B. saeculare; B. scardovii; B. simiae; B. subtile; B. thermacidophilum; B. thermophilum; B. urinalis; B. sp.

Description and Significance

Bifidobacteria, called probiotics, are a natural part of the bacterial flora in the human body and have a symbiotic bacteria-host relationship with humans. B. longum promotes good digestion, boosts the immune system, and produces lactic and acetic acid that controls intestinal pH. These bacteria also inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, E. coli, and other bacteria that have more pathogenic qualities than Bifidobacteria.

Genome Structure

The circular chromosome of Bifidobacterium longum has a genome approximately 2,260,000 bp in length with a 60% G-C content. More research is being done on sequencing other species of Bifidobacterium, especially to understand its probiotic qualities.

Cell Structure and Metabolism

Bifidobacterium is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, branched rod-shaped bacterium. In the intestines, they ferment sugars to produce lactic acid. The B. longum genome codes for many proteins specialized for the catabolism of oligosaccharides. This bacterium also is able to use so-called "nondigestible" plant polymers or host-derived glycoproteins and glycoconjugates; it is thought that Bifidobacterium's ability to compete with other gastrointestinal bacteria and occupy a large percentage in the bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal region might be partly due to the large variety of molecules that it is able to use for energy (Schell et al. 2002). Bifidobacteria have a unique hexose metabolism that occurs through a phosphoketolase pathway. This pathway, called the bifid shunt, uses the key enzyme frutose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (F6PPK) and is the generally used as a diagnostic test for this Bifidobacteria because it's not found in other gram-positive intestinal bacteria.

Bifidobacterium cells on colon epithelium. From Centre of Excellence for Knowledge Transfer, Research and Education in Food and Health for Central and Eastern Europe

Ecology

While Bifidobacterium infantis, B. brevi, and B. longum are the largest group of bacteria in the intestine of infants, Bifidobacteria are said to be only the 3rd or 4th largest group in adults (and comprise only 3-6% of adult fecal flora). The number of Bifidobacteria actually decline in the human body with age. In infants who are breast-fed, Bifidobacteria constitute about 90% of their intestinal bacteria; however, this number is lower in bottle-fed infants. When breast-fed infants' diets are changed to cows milk and solid food, Bifidobacteria are joined by rising numbers of other bacteria found in the human body such as Bacteroides and Streptococci lactobacilli. The lower number of Bifidobacteria in formula-fed babies might account for a higher risk of diarrhea and allergies that is usually associated with babies who aren't breast-fed; in addition, because Bifidobacteria produces lactic acid instead of gas (like E. coli), infants and people in general with more Bifidobacteria than other bacteria will have less gas and digestive problems. There is also a significant difference in the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the children receiving probiotic-supplemented (inriched with Bifidobacterium) formula (16%) than nonsupplemented formula (31%).

Bifidobacteria as well as other beneficial bacteria can be found in fermented dairy foods, especially yogurt. Eating substances rich with these probiotics is a sort of home remedy for diarrhea, vaginitis, and yeast infections because it promotes the growth of these as opposed to other bacteria. B. infantis has been proven to dramatically reduce irritable bowel sydrome (IBS) in patients and if given alone can almost normalize the patient.

Probiotics

Bifidobacteria are considered as important probiotics and used in the food industry to relieve and treat many intestinal disorders. Bifidobacteria exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.

References

Correa, Naflesia B. O MD, Peret Filho, Luciano A MD, PhD, Penna, Francisco J MD, PhD, Lima, Fatima M. L. S MD , Nicoli, Jacques R PhD. A Randomized Formula Controlled Trial of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus for Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Infants. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 39(5):385-389, May/June 2005.

Healthnotes: Probiotics. 2002.

Doe Joint Genome Institute: Bifidobacterium longum. 2004

Leahy, S, et al. "The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium breve." University College Cork, Ireland.

Reinert, Birgit. Friendly tenants in the human gut: The genome of B. longum. 2002. Genome News Network.

Schell, Mark A., et al. 2002. "The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol. 99, No. 22. 14422-14427.

Nutritionfocus: Bifidobacterium

Isselbacher, Kurt J. Irritable bowel syndrome: the possible benefits of probiotics. Post Graduate Medicine. vol 117, no.5 (2005).

Mayo, B and van Sinderen, D (editors) Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects (2010)