Treponema

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Treponema

Treponema pallidum in the testis of an experimentally infected rabbit. From Microbiology and Immunology On-line.

Classification

Higher order taxa:

Bacteria; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes (class); Spirochaetales; Spirochaetaceae; Treponema

Species:

Treponema pallidum, T. pertenue, T. carateum

NCBI: Taxonomy Genome

Description and Significance

Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis. Treponemes are mostly human pathogens, and have been studied extensively. One of these recent studies used limit-dilution procedures to isolate seven, helically coiled bacterial strains from faeces of swine that constituted two unidentified taxa. The study concluded that "based on their phenotypic and genotypic distinctiveness, two strains are suggested to represent two novel species of the genus Treponema, for which the names Treponema berlinense sp. nov. and Treponema porcinum sp. nov. are proposed." To learn more about this, click here.

Genome Structure

The complete genome of Treponema pallidum, contained in one circular chromosome, was sequenced and shown to contain 1,138,006 base pairs predicted to encode 1,041 genes. The coding of the T. pallidum genome is a key step in understanding the elusive causative agent of syphilis. Researchers are beginning to look into the metabolic needs of the spirochaete in order to be able to culture it in vitro so as to study the disease more effectively. Researchers, using the genetic evidence, have been able to determine that Treponema pallidum is unable to synthesize enzyme co-factor, fatty acids, and nucleotides, and consequently has a repertoire of transport proteins for transporting the necessary nutrients from its host.

Cell Structure and Metabolism

Transmission electron microscope image of a cross-section of T. Pallidum. OE - outer envelope. AF - axial filament. WM - cell wall membrane. BF - body fibrils. From Justin D. Radolf.

Treponemes have a helical or sinusoidal shape and a double membrane. The spirochaete has two flagella that originate at either end of the organism and point inward along its length, and are contained in the periplasmic space between the inner and outer membranes and enable them to move.

Treponemes are able to use carbohydrates as their only source of energy. They are unable to synthesize fatty acids, enzyme cofactors, and most amino acids, and are dependent on their host for their acquisition. Treponema pallidum has been called a metabolic 'basket case' due to its absolute dependence on its host. Thus far, researchers have been unable to culture the bacterium in vitro. It is supposed that this failure results from the absence of one or more vital nutrients from the medium, due to the bacterium's complex, and as yet, unknown, nutritional requirements.

Treponema pallidum has been termed a 'stealth pathogen' because of its lack of surface proteins. Beacause of this lack of proteins, creating a vaccine has been impossible. By sequencing the genome researchers hope to find rare outer membrane proteins that have been unidentifiable to date.

Ecology

Treponemes have a unique level of dependence on their host. Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis and the most extensively studied treponeme, is an obligate parasite meaning that it cannot exist outside the host, because it lacks the ability to synthesize essential nutrients, and consequently needs to obtain them from the host.

Pathology

Tertiary syphilis. The disease has migrated into the bones and eaten away at the softer bone on the interior. From Health Media Lab.

Timeline for the progression of syphilis. From Justin D. Radolf.

Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis. Syphilis first appeared in the late fifteenth century, shortly after Columbus and his men returned from the New World. Treponema pallidum is capable of infecting all tissues. Syphilis is a relatively painless, slow evolving disease marked by long asymptomatic periods followed by short symptomatic periods during which the organism is multiplying rapidly.

The first stage of the disease occurs 10- 90 days after infection and is characterized by a chancre, usually found on the genitals. The sore is teeming with treponemes and is therefore highly contagious. The second stage of the disease occurs after a period of latency of 2-24 weeks, and is characterized by a rash spreading from the palms and soles of the feet towards the trunk that may last 2-6 weeks. The period of latency following the second stage may last years, while the disease spreads throughout the body, and into the bones and the cardiovascular and

References

Fraser, Claire M. et al. 1998. Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. Science 281: 375-388

Frontiers in Bioscience; Science News Digest for Physicians and Scientists: Genome Sequence of Treponema pallidum

Los Alamos National Laboratory Bioscience Division: Treponema pallidum

Nordhoff M, Taras D, Macha M, Tedin K, Busse HJ, Wieler LH. "Treponema berlinense sp. nov. and Treponema porcinum sp. nov., novel spirochaetes isolated from porcine faeces. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2005 Jul;55(Pt 4):1675-1680.

Salazar, Juan C., et al. 2002. The immune response to infection with Treponema pallidum, the stealth pathogen. Microbes and Infection, 4: 1133-1140.

Subramanian, G., Koonin, Eugene V., & Aravind, L. 2000. Comparative genome analysis of the pathogenic spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum. Infection and Immunity, 68: 1633-1648.

Weintock, George M. et al. 1998. The genome of Treponema pallidum: new light on the agent of syphilis. FEMS Microbiology Revies, 22: 323-332.

Syphilis:

• Center for Environmental Health and Safety: Treponema
• University of Texas Medical Branch: Treponema
• New York State Department of Health: Syphilis
• Weill Medical College of Cornell University: Syphilis-Treponema pallidum
• Family Practice Notebook: Syphilis, Treponema pallidum
• University of Florida College of Medicine: Treponema pallidum