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| ===Higher order taxa=== | | ===Higher order taxa=== |
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| Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Aerococcaceae
| | Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find] |
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| ===Species=== | | ===Species=== |
| [[Image: http://bacterioweb.univ-fcomte.fr/phototheque/Abiotrophia_defectiva_hemoc.jpg |frame|right|150px|Hemoculture of A. defectiva]] | | [[Image:Adbacterial.jpg|frame|right|150px|PUT FIGURE LEGEND HERE ALONG WITH THE REFERENCE]] |
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| "Abiotrophia defectiva"
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| | ''Genus species'' |
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| ==Description and significance== | | ==Description and significance== |
| Most often growing in small, satellite colonies around colonies of associated bacterial species, Abiotrophia defectiva has been shown to reside in the oral and upper respiratory flora as well as in the intestinal mucosa; it can cause bacterial, infectious endocarditis, bacteremia, and some cases of culture-negative endocarditis
| | Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important. |
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| ==Genome structure== | | ==Genome structure== |
| According to the NCBI database, A. defectiva is shown to have 3291 protein sequences encoded in a 3.4792 Mbp genome with a GC content of 37.0%.
| | Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? |
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| ==Cell and colony structure== | | ==Cell and colony structure== |
| Known as a type of “nutritionally variant streptococci,” A. defectiva, when grown on blood agar, grows in either non-hemolytic or alpha-hemolytic satelliting colonies and is usually supported by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Varying from typical gram-positive streptococci to gram-variable enlarged pleomorphic coccobacilli, the microscopic morphology of the organisms is medium dependent.
| | Interesting features of cell structure. Interesting features of colony structure. |
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| ==Metabolism== | | ==Metabolism== |
| A. defectiva is classified as a facultative aerobe. A. defectiva is a fastidious organism that requires a complex media enriched with L-cysteine or vitamin B6 as well as other unique nutritional requirements that are essential for growth. Since it grows slower than other streptococci, cultivation and identification can be difficult; thus, phenotypic identification can result in a misidentification of the pathogen.
| | Energy source(s); external electron donor(s) (=reductant source(s)); carbon source(s); oxygen classification; important molecules it produces. |
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| ==Ecology== | | ==Ecology== |
| PCR amplification is often used to identify A. defectiva by analyzing the 16S rDNA genes and comparing the sequence to the NCBI data bank.
| | Habitat; symbiosis; contributions to the environment. metagenomic data link |
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| ==Pathology== | | ==Pathology== |
| Because A. defectiva has been frequently found in dental plaque, the oral cavity is often the portal of entry. Although it is rare for A.defectiva to cause endocarditis, some studies estimate that it is responsible for 5-6% of all cases of inflammatory endocarditis and has a greater morbidity and mortality than endocarditis caused by other streptococci due to its poor response to many antibiotics. Complications such as congestive heart failure, embolization and an increased rate of surgical interventions often occur in conjunction with endocarditis caused by A. defectiva. The production of exopolysaccharide is one of the factors that contributes to the increased virulence of Abiotrophia species due to its long generation time which can have an impact on in vivo tolerance; the development of cell-wall deficient bacteria results in persistence which is often promoted by treatment with β-lactam antibiotics.
| | How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors. |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| 1. Hughs J, Jackson B, Kintner K, Namdari H, Namdari S, Peairs R, Savage D. Abiotrophia Species as a Cause of Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Extraction. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 May; 37(5): 1564–1566.
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| 2. Embil J. and Vinh D (2006). Treatment of Native Valve Endocarditis: General Principles and Therapy for Specific Organisms. In K Chan & J Embil (Eds). Endocarditis: Diagnosis and Management (pp. 121-183).
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| 3. Asma A, Mohammed A, Mushira E. Endocarditis caused by Abiotrophia defectiva. Libyan J Med [Internet]. 2007; 2(1): 43–45.
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| 4. Beljerd M, Bouvet A, Le Coustumier A, Loubinoux J, Sire S, Wilhelm N. First case of multiple discitis and sacroiliitis due to Abiotrophia defectiva. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005; 24: 76–78.
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| 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=abiotrophia%20defectiva
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| 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=46125
| | [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/62/2/330; Sylvie Cousin, Marie-Laure Gulat-Okalla, Laurence Motreff, Catherine Gouyette, Christiane Bouchier, Dominique Clermont, and Chantal Bizet. Lactobacillus gigeriorum sp. nov., isolated from chicken crop. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol February 2012 62:330-334; published ahead of print March 18, 2011.} [doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028217-0.] |
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| Edited by Kim Derby of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio | | Edited by PUT YOUR NAME HERE of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio |
A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus LRMoore Prokaryote template
Classification
Higher order taxa
Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]
Species
PUT FIGURE LEGEND HERE ALONG WITH THE REFERENCE
Genus species
Description and significance
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.
Genome structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?
Cell and colony structure
Interesting features of cell structure. Interesting features of colony structure.
Metabolism
Energy source(s); external electron donor(s) (=reductant source(s)); carbon source(s); oxygen classification; important molecules it produces.
Ecology
Habitat; symbiosis; contributions to the environment. metagenomic data link
Pathology
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors.
References
List your references here with hyperlinks to the papers or websites when possible. Also, provide the DOI number for articles. For example:
Sylvie Cousin, Marie-Laure Gulat-Okalla, Laurence Motreff, Catherine Gouyette, Christiane Bouchier, Dominique Clermont, and Chantal Bizet. Lactobacillus gigeriorum sp. nov., isolated from chicken crop. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol February 2012 62:330-334; published ahead of print March 18, 2011.} [doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028217-0.
Edited by PUT YOUR NAME HERE of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio
