Providencia alcalifaciens: Difference between revisions

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==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
[[File:abiotrophiadefectiva.jpg ‎|thumb|left|200px|Gram-positive culture of ''Abiotrophia defectiva'' [[http://bacterioweb.univ-fcomte.fr/photo2detail.php?id=220]]]]
"P. alcalifaciens" is a rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium. This bacterium is associated with diarrhea in children and travelers. It is found in the gastrointestinal tract. Scientists have found that some strains of "P. alcalifaciens" are invasive to HEp-2 cells, Vero, and Y1 adrenal cell lines in eukaryotes. The amounts of the HEp-2 cells were seen to decrease within 6 hours after infection. The microbe causes actin condensation in the invaded cells. "P. alcalifaciens" thrives in environments around 37 degrees celsius especially for invasion. A study found that the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin D inhibits the invasion by "P. alcalifaciens".
The definition of ''Abiotrophia'' is "life nutrition deficiency," meaning that the species needs supplemented media for growth and survival.<sup>1</sup> Most often growing in small, satellite colonies around colonies of associated bacterial species, ''Abiotrophia defectiva'' has been shown to reside in the oral and upper respiratory flora as well as in the intestinal mucosa. It can cause bacterial, infectious endocarditis, bacteremia, and some cases of [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000657.htm culture-negative endocarditis]. <sup>2</sup>


==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
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'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=abiotrophia%20defectiva&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Genome]'''
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/genomes/1997?subset=]'''
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According to the NCBI database, ''P. alcalifaciens'' is made up of 4,022 protein sequences encoded in a 4.03 Mb genome. The GC content is 41.8% <sup>2</sup>. The genome Most "P. alcalifaciens" strains are organized in plasmids. Scientists are trying to determine whether the invasiveness and genome structure of the different bacterial strains have certain correlations concerning the presence of plasmids.
According to the NCBI database, ''P. alcalifaciens'' is made up of 4,022 protein sequences encoded in a 4.03 Mb genome. The GC content is 41.8% <sup>2</sup>. The genome was sequenced in 2008, isolated from human feces. Most "P. alcalifaciens" strains are organized in plasmids. Scientists are trying to determine whether the invasiveness and genome structure of the different bacterial strains have certain correlations concerning the presence of plasmids.


==Cell and colony structure==
==Cell and colony structure==


Known as a type of [http://pathology5.pathology.jhmi.edu/micro/v15n41.htm “nutritionally variant streptococci,”] ''A. defectiva'', when grown on blood agar, can grow as either [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology) non-hemolytic] or alpha-hemolytic satellite colonies and are usually supported by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Varying from typical gram-positive streptococci to gram-variable, enlarged, pleomorphic coccobacilli, the microscopic morphology of the organisms is dependent on the type of medium. <sup>2</sup> When grown on 10% Danish blood agar (DBA), colonies were grayish-white in color and ranged in size from 1-3 mm in diameter. <sup>1</sup>
 


==Metabolism==
==Metabolism==


''A. defectiva'' is classified as a Gram-positive, non-motile, facultative aerobe. <sup>3</sup> ''A. defectiva'' is a [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Fastidious_organism fastidious] organism that requires a complex medium enriched with L-cysteine or vitamin B<sub>6</sub> as well as other unique nutritional requirements that are essential for growth. <sup>4</sup> Since it grows slower than other streptococci, cultivation and identification can be difficult; thus, phenotypic identification can result in a misidentification of the pathogen. <sup>5</sup>
 


==Ecology==
==Ecology==


PCR amplification is often used to identify ''A. defectiva'' by analyzing the 16S rDNA genes and comparing the sequence to the NCBI databank <sup>2</sup>. ''A. defectiva'' is part of the normal flora of the oral and upper respiratory cavity as well as the intestinal tract.<sup>1</sup>
"P. alcalifaciens" is found in many different human and animal reservoirs. It is usually found in the gut or digestive tract and mostly seen in travelers who have traveled to developing countries. Young children and the elderly are at a higher risk for this infection.


==Pathology==
==Pathology==


Because ''A. defectiva'' has been frequently found in dental plaque <sup>6</sup>, the oral cavity is often the portal of entry. <sup>5</sup> Although it is rare for ''A. defectiva'' to cause [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarditis endocarditis], some studies estimate that it is responsible for 5-6% of all cases of inflammatory endocarditis and has a greater morbidity and mortality than endocarditis caused by other streptococci due to its poor response to many antibiotics. However, it is susceptible to and commonly treated with vancomycin.<sup>1</sup> Complications such as congestive heart failure, embolization and an increased rate of surgical interventions often occur in conjunction with endocarditis caused by ''A. defectiva''. The production of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exopolysaccharide exopolysaccharide] is one of the factors that contributes to the increased virulence of ''Abiotrophia'' species due to its long generation time which can have an impact on ''in vivo'' tolerance; the development of cell-wall deficient bacteria results in persistence, which is often promoted by treatment with β-lactam antibiotics. <sup>5</sup>
Infection symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. "P. alcalifaciens" is believed to be involved in gastroenteritis. This bacteria is associated with travelers overseas. A problem of treating the infection from "P. alcalifaciens" is arising due to antibiotic resistance.


==References==
==References==


[http://jcm.asm.org/content/39/10/3520.full (1)] Christensen J and Facklam R. ''Granulicatella'' and ''Abiotrophia'' Species from Human Clinical Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001 October; 39 [doi: 10.1128/​JCM.39.10.3520-3523.2001].
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84829/ (2)] Hughs J, Jackson B, Kintner K, Namdari H, Namdari S, Peairs R, Savage D. Abiotrophia Species as a Cause of Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Extraction. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 May; 37(5): 1564–1566.
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NZ_ACIN00000000 (3)] "Abiotrophia defectiva ATCC 49176, whole genome shotgun sequencing project."
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=abiotrophia%20defectiva (4)] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=abiotrophia%20defectiva
[http://www.springerlink.com/content/j476235450198810/about/ (5)] Embil J. and Vinh D (2006). Treatment of Native Valve Endocarditis: General Principles and Therapy for Specific Organisms. In K Chan & J Embil (Eds). Endocarditis: Diagnosis and Management: 121-183 [doi: 10.1007/978-1-84628-453-3_9].
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15599782 (6)] Beljerd M, Bouvet A, Le Coustumier A, Loubinoux J, Sire S, Wilhelm N. First case of multiple discitis and sacroiliitis due to Abiotrophia defectiva. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005; 24: 76–78. [doi: 10.1007/s10096-004-1265-7].
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078235/?tool=pubmed (7)] Asma A, Mohammed A, Mushira E. Endocarditis caused by ''Abiotrophia defectiva''. Libyan J Med. 2007; 2(1): 43–45. [doi: 10.4176/061223].




Edited by Kim Derby of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio
Edited by Victoria Hughes of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio

Revision as of 21:55, 8 May 2012

This student page has not been curated.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Providencia alcalifaciens

Scanning electron micrograph of Providencia alcalifaciens [[1]]

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacteriales; Enterobacteriaceae; Providencia

Species

Providencia alcalifaciens

NCBI: [2]


Description and significance

"P. alcalifaciens" is a rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium. This bacterium is associated with diarrhea in children and travelers. It is found in the gastrointestinal tract. Scientists have found that some strains of "P. alcalifaciens" are invasive to HEp-2 cells, Vero, and Y1 adrenal cell lines in eukaryotes. The amounts of the HEp-2 cells were seen to decrease within 6 hours after infection. The microbe causes actin condensation in the invaded cells. "P. alcalifaciens" thrives in environments around 37 degrees celsius especially for invasion. A study found that the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin D inhibits the invasion by "P. alcalifaciens".

Genome structure

NCBI: [3]

According to the NCBI database, P. alcalifaciens is made up of 4,022 protein sequences encoded in a 4.03 Mb genome. The GC content is 41.8% 2. The genome was sequenced in 2008, isolated from human feces. Most "P. alcalifaciens" strains are organized in plasmids. Scientists are trying to determine whether the invasiveness and genome structure of the different bacterial strains have certain correlations concerning the presence of plasmids.

Cell and colony structure

Metabolism

Ecology

"P. alcalifaciens" is found in many different human and animal reservoirs. It is usually found in the gut or digestive tract and mostly seen in travelers who have traveled to developing countries. Young children and the elderly are at a higher risk for this infection.

Pathology

Infection symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. "P. alcalifaciens" is believed to be involved in gastroenteritis. This bacteria is associated with travelers overseas. A problem of treating the infection from "P. alcalifaciens" is arising due to antibiotic resistance.

References

Edited by Victoria Hughes of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio

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