Tina Torres Bacillus thuringiensis: Difference between revisions

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==Classification==
==Classification==


Domain: Bacteria [enter]
Domain: Bacteria,
Phylum: Firmicutes
Phylum: Firmicutes,
Class: Bacilli
Class: Bacilli,
Order: Bacillales
Order: Bacillales,
Family: Bacillaceae
Family: Bacillaceae
[Others may be used.  Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]
[Others may be used.  Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]
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''Genus species''
''Bacillus thuringiensis''
 
[[File:Bacillus_pic.jpeg|200 px x 200 px |Bacillus]]


==Habitat Information ==
==Habitat Information ==
Describe the location and conditions under which the organism was isolated.
This soil sample was collected on January 30th, 2015 at 289 Spring Lane, Dripping Springs, TX 78620
Temperature: 60 F
Humidity: 40%
Wind Speed: NE 14G 22 mph
Dewpoint: 35 F
GPS coordinates: Latitude - 30.29001624465091, Longitude - -97.7299631715784


==Description and Significance==
==Description and Significance==
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.
When streaked on an LB plate, the colonies that formed were opaque in appearance and flat. When tested for antimicrobial properties the one antibiotic that showed the most susceptibility was Sulfisoxazole, also a small zone of inhibition was seen with Ampicillin. Linezolid and Cefamandole showed no zone of inhibition.
 
[[File:Anti.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|Antimicrobial]]
 
[[File:Disi.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|Disinfectants]]
 
 
 
 
 
Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram positive, soil dwelling bacterium that is commonly used as a biological pesticide.
 
 
[[File:Gram_positive_Bacillus.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|Gram Stain]]


==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.
This is the forward sequence I used to determine that my soil sample was Bacillus thuringiensis:


GACGGAGCAACGCCGCGTGAGTGATGAAGGCTTTCGGGTCGTAAAACTCTGTTGTTAGGGAAGAACAAGTGCTAGTTGAATAAGCTGGCACCTTGACGGTACCTAACCAGAAAGCCACGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGTGGCAAGCGTTATCCGGAATTATTGGGCGTAAAGCGCGCGCAGGTGGTTTCTTAAGTCTGATGTGAAAGCCCACGGCTCAACCGTGGAGGGTCATTGGAAACTGGGAGACTTGAGTGCAGAAGAGGAAAGTGGAATTCCATGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGAGATATGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGACTTTCTGGTCTGTAACTGACACTGAGGCGCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGAGTGCTAAGTGTTAGAGGGTTTCCGCCCTTTANTGCTGAAGTTAACGCATTAAGCACTCCGCCTGGGGAGTACGGCCGCAAGGCTGAAACTCNNAGGAATTGACNGGGGCCCGCACAANCGGTGGANCATGTGGTTTAATT
ACCAGGTNTTGAAATCCTCTGANAACCCTANAGATACGGCNTCTCNCNTCTNNAACATANTGAC
Consists of a 5.5-Mb chromosome and nine plasmids.
This organism is gram positive and forms endospores.
[[File:Endo.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|Endospore]]
It is also found naturally in the gut of caterpillars, moths and butterflies.


==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
This gram positive microorganism has a thick, cross linked peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall. It is harmful to many insects which is why it is commonly used as a pesticide.


During sporulation it produces crystal proteins or endotoxins. Once these endotoxins are released into the gut of the insects, it kills them. It is also closely related to Bacillus anthrasis, which is the cause of anthrax.


==Physiology and Pathogenesis==
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==
Biochemical characteristics, enzymes made, other characteristics that may be used to identify the organism; contributions to environment (if any).<br>
 
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br><br>
Using various biochemical tests I was able to determine the following about this organism:
 
Citrate: test used to test an organism's ability to use carbon as it's only source
        *soil sample - negative for citrate
 
[[File:VP.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|VP]]
 
SIM (Sulfar, Indole, Motility)
        *soil sample - negative for sulfar, indole and motility
 
Nitrate
        *soil sample - positive for nitrite reduction (nitrate --> nitrite)
 
Urea: tests an organism's ability to break down or convert urea to amonia
        *soil sample - negative for urea
 
[[File:SIM.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|SIM]]
 
TSI (Triple Sugar Iron)
        *soil sample - glucose fermentation with acid production
 
Decarboxylation: tests organism's ability to produce an enzyme called decarboxylase
        *soil sample - Argine: positive for decarboxylase
                        Lysine: positive for fermentation
                        Ornithine: positive for decarboxylase
 
[[File:Argine.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|Decarboxylation]]
 
Phenylalanine Deaminase: tests organism's ability to produce enzyme deaminase
        *soil sample - negative
 
Oxidase: identifies organisms that produce enzyme cytochrome oxidase, which participates in the electron transport chain
        *soil sample - positive for cytochrome oxidase
 
Hektoen Enteric Agar: this media is selective and differential that is used to isolate Salmonella and Shigella species
        *soil sample - negative and negative for fermentation
 
MacConkey Agar: selective and differential media that is used to isolate organisms based on their ability to ferment lactose
        *soil sample - negative and negative for fermentation
 
Eosin Methylene Blue Agar: selective and differential media used to isolate fecal coliforms
        *soil sample - positive for fermentation
 
[[File:EMB.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|EMB plate showing positive fermentation]]
 
Blood Agar: helps to determine the hemolytic capabilities of an organism
        *soil sample - alpha hemolysis (incomplete)
 
[[File:Blood.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|no hemolysis]]
 
Mannitol Salt Agar: is selective for the genus Staphylococcus and differential for the fermentation of mannitol
        *soil sample - negative for fermentation, positive for growth
 
[[File:MSA.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|MSA plate showing some growth]]
 
Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar: selective media used to grow gram positive organisms
        *soil sample - positive for growth
 
[[File:PEA.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|PEA plate showing growth of Bacillus]]
 
Catalase Test: enzyme (catalase) breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
        *soil sample - negative
 
6.5% Salt Tolerance: broth is made using tryptic soy broth and table salt to create high salt concentration, most organisms can't survive in high salt environments
        *soil sample - positive (turbid)
 
[[File:Salt.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|Salt tolerance showing turbidity]]
 
Bile Esculin Test: used to identify enterococci and group D streptococci based on their ability to hydrolize esculin
        *soil sample - positive for esculin hydrolysis
 
[[File:Bile.jpeg|200 px x 200 px|Bile]]


==References==
==References==
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
http://www.eol.org/pages/975750/overview
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis


==Author==
==Author==
Page authored by _____, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.
Page authored by Tina Torres, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.


<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]

Latest revision as of 17:05, 8 May 2015

This student page has not been curated.

Classification

Domain: Bacteria, Phylum: Firmicutes, Class: Bacilli, Order: Bacillales, Family: Bacillaceae [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]

Species

NCBI: Taxonomy

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus

Habitat Information

This soil sample was collected on January 30th, 2015 at 289 Spring Lane, Dripping Springs, TX 78620 Temperature: 60 F Humidity: 40% Wind Speed: NE 14G 22 mph Dewpoint: 35 F GPS coordinates: Latitude - 30.29001624465091, Longitude - -97.7299631715784

Description and Significance

When streaked on an LB plate, the colonies that formed were opaque in appearance and flat. When tested for antimicrobial properties the one antibiotic that showed the most susceptibility was Sulfisoxazole, also a small zone of inhibition was seen with Ampicillin. Linezolid and Cefamandole showed no zone of inhibition.

Antimicrobial

Disinfectants



Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram positive, soil dwelling bacterium that is commonly used as a biological pesticide.


Gram Stain

Genome Structure

This is the forward sequence I used to determine that my soil sample was Bacillus thuringiensis:

GACGGAGCAACGCCGCGTGAGTGATGAAGGCTTTCGGGTCGTAAAACTCTGTTGTTAGGGAAGAACAAGTGCTAGTTGAATAAGCTGGCACCTTGACGGTACCTAACCAGAAAGCCACGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGTGGCAAGCGTTATCCGGAATTATTGGGCGTAAAGCGCGCGCAGGTGGTTTCTTAAGTCTGATGTGAAAGCCCACGGCTCAACCGTGGAGGGTCATTGGAAACTGGGAGACTTGAGTGCAGAAGAGGAAAGTGGAATTCCATGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGAGATATGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGACTTTCTGGTCTGTAACTGACACTGAGGCGCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGAGTGCTAAGTGTTAGAGGGTTTCCGCCCTTTANTGCTGAAGTTAACGCATTAAGCACTCCGCCTGGGGAGTACGGCCGCAAGGCTGAAACTCNNAGGAATTGACNGGGGCCCGCACAANCGGTGGANCATGTGGTTTAATT ACCAGGTNTTGAAATCCTCTGANAACCCTANAGATACGGCNTCTCNCNTCTNNAACATANTGAC

Consists of a 5.5-Mb chromosome and nine plasmids.

This organism is gram positive and forms endospores.

Endospore

It is also found naturally in the gut of caterpillars, moths and butterflies.

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

This gram positive microorganism has a thick, cross linked peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall. It is harmful to many insects which is why it is commonly used as a pesticide.

During sporulation it produces crystal proteins or endotoxins. Once these endotoxins are released into the gut of the insects, it kills them. It is also closely related to Bacillus anthrasis, which is the cause of anthrax.

Physiology and Pathogenesis

Using various biochemical tests I was able to determine the following about this organism:

Citrate: test used to test an organism's ability to use carbon as it's only source 

        *soil sample - negative for citrate

VP

SIM (Sulfar, Indole, Motility) 

        *soil sample - negative for sulfar, indole and motility

Nitrate 

        *soil sample - positive for nitrite reduction (nitrate --> nitrite)

Urea: tests an organism's ability to break down or convert urea to amonia 

        *soil sample - negative for urea

SIM

TSI (Triple Sugar Iron) 

        *soil sample - glucose fermentation with acid production

Decarboxylation: tests organism's ability to produce an enzyme called decarboxylase 

        *soil sample - Argine: positive for decarboxylase
                       Lysine: positive for fermentation
                       Ornithine: positive for decarboxylase

Decarboxylation

Phenylalanine Deaminase: tests organism's ability to produce enzyme deaminase 

        *soil sample - negative

Oxidase: identifies organisms that produce enzyme cytochrome oxidase, which participates in the electron transport chain 

        *soil sample - positive for cytochrome oxidase

Hektoen Enteric Agar: this media is selective and differential that is used to isolate Salmonella and Shigella species 

        *soil sample - negative and negative for fermentation

MacConkey Agar: selective and differential media that is used to isolate organisms based on their ability to ferment lactose 

        *soil sample - negative and negative for fermentation

Eosin Methylene Blue Agar: selective and differential media used to isolate fecal coliforms 

        *soil sample - positive for fermentation

EMB plate showing positive fermentation

Blood Agar: helps to determine the hemolytic capabilities of an organism 

        *soil sample - alpha hemolysis (incomplete)

no hemolysis

Mannitol Salt Agar: is selective for the genus Staphylococcus and differential for the fermentation of mannitol 

        *soil sample - negative for fermentation, positive for growth

MSA plate showing some growth

Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar: selective media used to grow gram positive organisms 

        *soil sample - positive for growth

PEA plate showing growth of Bacillus

Catalase Test: enzyme (catalase) breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen 

        *soil sample - negative

6.5% Salt Tolerance: broth is made using tryptic soy broth and table salt to create high salt concentration, most organisms can't survive in high salt environments 

        *soil sample - positive (turbid)

Salt tolerance showing turbidity

Bile Esculin Test: used to identify enterococci and group D streptococci based on their ability to hydrolize esculin 

        *soil sample - positive for esculin hydrolysis

Bile

References

http://www.eol.org/pages/975750/overview

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis

Author

Page authored by Tina Torres, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.

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