User:S4358842: Difference between revisions
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===Species=== | ===Species=== | ||
Species: Kingella oralis <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup> | Species: ''Kingella oralis'' <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup> | ||
Type strain: UB-38 <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup> | Type strain: UB-38 <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup> | ||
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''K.oralis'' has been found in a range of sites in the human oral cavity. It has been found in saliva, on mucosal surfaces and in dental plaque of both sub and supra-gingival origin <sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup> . In peridontally healthy individuals ''K. oralis'' is more prominent in subgingival plaques however in both adult and juvenile periodontitis cases, ''k. oralis'' is more common in the supraginigval <sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup> . | ''K.oralis'' has been found in a range of sites in the human oral cavity. It has been found in saliva, on mucosal surfaces and in dental plaque of both sub and supra-gingival origin <sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup> . In peridontally healthy individuals ''K. oralis'' is more prominent in subgingival plaques however in both adult and juvenile periodontitis cases, ''k. oralis'' is more common in the supraginigval plaques <sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup> . | ||
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Currently the ability of ''K.oralis'' to produce disease in humans is unknown <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>. It has been found in both healthy and diseased individuals. | Currently the ability of ''K.oralis'' to produce disease in humans is unknown <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>. It has been found in both healthy and diseased individuals. | ||
In Chen's 1996 study on the distribution of ''Kingella oralis'' in the human oral cavity, it was noted that ''K.oralis'' shared many | In Chen's 1996 study on the distribution of ''Kingella oralis'' in the human oral cavity, it was noted that ''K.oralis'' shared many phenotypic features and its distribution with ''Eikenella corrodens'' which has been associated to periodontitis <sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup>. Due to its poorly understood function in the human oral microbiome it is still possible that ''K.oralis'' may be involved in periodontitis. | ||
Several research groups have looked into ''K.oralis'' involvement in other oral diseases such as root | Several research groups have looked into ''K.oralis'' involvement in other oral diseases such as root caries. These studies refer to ''K.oralis'' as a health associated bacteria, and have made a tentative link between its abundance and the health of the patients teeth <sup>[[#References|[8]]]</sup> <sup>[[#References|[9]]]</sup> | ||
No evidence of disease outside the oral cavity by ''K.oralis'' has been observed. However its closest relative, ''Kingella kingae'' is an | No evidence of disease outside the oral cavity by ''K.oralis'' has been observed. However its closest relative, ''Kingella kingae'' is an opportunistic and invasive pathogen. It can cause a range of diseases from bacteraemia to endocarditis <sup>[[#References|[7]]]</sup>. | ||
While unsupported, it is possible that ''K.oralis'' could act as a plasmid reservoir, as supposed by Chen. ''K.oralis'' is related to ''K.kingae'' and ''Eikenella'' species, both of which have been known to exchange antibiotic resistance plasmids with other species. Chen suggested that, although not necessarily pathogenic itself, ''K.oralis'' could give plasmids to other | While unsupported, it is possible that ''K.oralis'' could act as a plasmid reservoir, as supposed by Chen. ''K.oralis'' is related to ''K.kingae'' and ''Eikenella'' species, both of which have been known to exchange antibiotic resistance plasmids with other species. Chen suggested that, although not necessarily pathogenic itself, ''K.oralis'' could give plasmids to other pathogenic species possibly leading to more severe or harder to treat diseases<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>. | ||
==Application to biotechnology== | ==Application to biotechnology== | ||
There are currently no biotechology applications of ''K.oralis''. | |||
==Current research== | ==Current research== | ||
Due to the uncertain nature of this bacteria as pathogenic, there has been little research conducted specifically on ''K.oralis''. In 2009 ''K.oralis'' whole genome was published as a reference genome for the Human Microbiome Project <sup>[[#References|[6]]]</sup>. | |||
Originally ''K.oralis'' was thought to be associated with periodontitis <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup> <sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup> <sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup>, however more recently it is viewed as a health associated bacteria<sup>[[#References|[8]]]</sup> <sup>[[#References|[9]]]</sup>. In several studies focusing on various oral diseases, it has been found that there is an association between a healthy subject and high levels of ''K.oralis''. Presence of ''K.oralis'' has been seen to reduce root caries in the elderly<sup>[[#References|[8]]]</sup> and decrease dental caries in both permanent and deciduous teeth in children<sup>[[#References|[9]]]</sup>. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=txid505 NCBI: Kingella oralis] | 6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=txid505 NCBI: Kingella oralis] | ||
7. [http:// | 7. [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-43729-3_2 Downes KJ. 2016. Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Kingella kingae Disease, p 13-28. In St. Geme IIIWJ (ed), Advances in Understanding Kingella kingae doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43729-3_2. Springer International Publishing, Cham.] | ||
8. [http:// | 8. [http://jcm.asm.org.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/content/46/6/2015 Preza D, Olsen I, Aas JA, Willumsen T, Grinde B, Paster BJ. 2008. Bacterial Profiles of Root Caries in Elderly Patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46:2015-2021.] | ||
9. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2292933/ Aas Jø A, Griffen AL, Dardis SR, Lee AM, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE, Leys EJ, Paster BJ. 2008. Bacteria of Dental Caries in Primary and Permanent Teeth in Children and Young Adults. J Clin Microbiol 46:1407-1417.] | |||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
This page is written by Imogen McDougall for the MICR3004 course, Semester 2, 2016 | This page is written by Imogen McDougall for the MICR3004 course, Semester 2, 2016 |
Latest revision as of 00:55, 23 September 2016
Imogen McDougall Bench B 31/08/2016 [1]
Classification
Higher order taxa
Bacteria - Proteobacteria - Neisseriales - Neiseeriaceae - Kingella
Species
Species: Kingella oralis [2]
Type strain: UB-38 [1]
Description and significance
Kingella oralis was first discovered in a 1989 study conducted by Chen et al. The study focussed on Eikenella corrodens found in human oral samples [3] . It was noticed that during culturing and biochemical studies that there was a larger than expected level of variation for one species [3] . In 1990 Chen et al investigated these variants further and identified three Eikenella like species; UB-38, UB-204 and UB-294 [4] . Further studies on UB-38, Kingella oralis (originally Kingella orale) was conducted by Dewhirst et al. in 1993.
K.oralis has been found in a range of sites in the human oral cavity. It has been found in saliva, on mucosal surfaces and in dental plaque of both sub and supra-gingival origin [5] . In peridontally healthy individuals K. oralis is more prominent in subgingival plaques however in both adult and juvenile periodontitis cases, k. oralis is more common in the supraginigval plaques [5] .
This gram negative bacilli bacteria has been successfully cultured using a trypticase soy agar plate with 5% sheep blood and incubated in conditions designed to replicate the human oral cavity (37o C, aerobic, 5% CO2) [3].
Due to K. oralis presence in subgingival and supragingival plaque and its potential association to periodontitis as described by Chen in 1996, this microorganism is important to study. A better understanding of K.oralis interactions with its host and other microorganisms as well as its biochemical pathways and lifestyle could lead to a better understanding of its association with periodontitis. This in turn could lead to advancements in diagnosis and treatments of this condition.
Genome structure
Strain: ATCC51147
Size: 2.4 Mb
GC content: 54%
Genes: 2435
Pseudogenes: 64
rRNA: 6 [6]
Cell structure and metabolism
K. oralis is a gram negative bacteria and has been found in dental plaque, both sub and supraginigval. It therefore can take part in biofilms, however it is unknown at what stage in biofilm formation K.oralis is involved. K.oralis cells are not motile on their own, they do not have flagella, instead they form spreading colonies [2]. This spreading ability may indicate a potential for twitching motility which has been observed in other Kingella, Eikenella and Neisseria species[2]. K. oralis is a chemoorganotroph, it uses energy and carbon acquired by breaking chemical bonds in organic compounds. It is oxidase positive and catalase negative and can produce acid weakly from glucose but not other sugars[2].
Ecology
K.oralis is an aerobe or faculative anaerobe and is found in dental plaque both supra and subgingival. It is believed that human dental plaque is the natural habitat for K.oralis, however it can be found in other areas of the oral cavity such as saliva and mucosal surfaces [2]. No evidence has yet been found of K.oralis in other environments. As the specific growth requirements are still unknown, this can not be said with extreme confidence [2].
Currently interactions between K.oralis and its human host are still unknown[2].
Pathology
Currently the ability of K.oralis to produce disease in humans is unknown [2]. It has been found in both healthy and diseased individuals.
In Chen's 1996 study on the distribution of Kingella oralis in the human oral cavity, it was noted that K.oralis shared many phenotypic features and its distribution with Eikenella corrodens which has been associated to periodontitis [5]. Due to its poorly understood function in the human oral microbiome it is still possible that K.oralis may be involved in periodontitis.
Several research groups have looked into K.oralis involvement in other oral diseases such as root caries. These studies refer to K.oralis as a health associated bacteria, and have made a tentative link between its abundance and the health of the patients teeth [8] [9]
No evidence of disease outside the oral cavity by K.oralis has been observed. However its closest relative, Kingella kingae is an opportunistic and invasive pathogen. It can cause a range of diseases from bacteraemia to endocarditis [7].
While unsupported, it is possible that K.oralis could act as a plasmid reservoir, as supposed by Chen. K.oralis is related to K.kingae and Eikenella species, both of which have been known to exchange antibiotic resistance plasmids with other species. Chen suggested that, although not necessarily pathogenic itself, K.oralis could give plasmids to other pathogenic species possibly leading to more severe or harder to treat diseases[2].
Application to biotechnology
There are currently no biotechology applications of K.oralis.
Current research
Due to the uncertain nature of this bacteria as pathogenic, there has been little research conducted specifically on K.oralis. In 2009 K.oralis whole genome was published as a reference genome for the Human Microbiome Project [6].
Originally K.oralis was thought to be associated with periodontitis [2] [3] [4], however more recently it is viewed as a health associated bacteria[8] [9]. In several studies focusing on various oral diseases, it has been found that there is an association between a healthy subject and high levels of K.oralis. Presence of K.oralis has been seen to reduce root caries in the elderly[8] and decrease dental caries in both permanent and deciduous teeth in children[9].
References
1. List of Prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature
- ↑ MICR3004
This page is written by Imogen McDougall for the MICR3004 course, Semester 2, 2016