Rickettsia prowazekii

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A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Rickettsia prowazekii

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae

Species

NCBI: Taxonomy

Rickettsia prowazekii

Description and significance

The body louse is a vector for typhus in humans, CDC

Rickettsia prowazekii is an intracellular, bacillus bacterium that is the cause of epidemic typhus in humans. In the early 20th century, Howard Ricketts linked typhus to Spotted Fever while Stanislaus von Prowazek discovered typhus was transmitted to humans by the feces of lice, not the bite. Both Ricketts and Prowazek were killed by typhus while working with the disease, so the bacteria was named for them. The genome was fully sequenced by the end of the century. Since World War II the only other major breakout was during the Burundo civil war in the late 1990's. Now, the main point of research regarding R. prowazekii is its linkage to the origin of mitochondria. R. prowazekii has a small genome and is the first alpha-proteobacterial, gram-negative genome to be sequenced. [3]

Genome structure

The R. prowazekii genome is composed of a singular circular chromosome, containing 1,111,523 base pairs and 834 protein coding genes. Also, 24% of R. prowazekii DNA is non-coding- the largest amount in any microbial genome. No genes code for anaerobic glycolosis, however, complete coding sequences for the tricarboxylicacid (TCA) cycle and respiratory-chain complex are found. [3]

Cell structure and metabolism

R. prowazekii is a Gram-negative, intracellular bacteria with a bacilli (rod like) structure. Genomic codes for LPS and Peptidoglycan formation are both complete in R. prowazekii'.

As mentioned above, R. prowazekii cannot produce pyruvate from any glycolytic pathway. However, enzymes required for pyruvate metabolism are coded for by Rickettsia indicating that the microbe must acquire it somehow. One such mechanism for this acquisition is acquiring phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) directly from it's host. Rickettsia also lack coding sequences for nitrogen metabolism which allows the synthesis of glutamine, indicating that, like PEP, glutamine must be acquired directly from the host cells. [2]

Rickettsia also gain energy from oxidative phosphorylation and ATP translocases. First, Rickettsia code for 5 copies of ATP translocases indicating the importance they have in obtaining energy for the microbe. The translocases allow the cell to take up ATP produced by the host. This is the major ATP capturing method for Rickettsia since the cell will use translocases after entering a host cell to capture the host ATP before initiating its own pathways. Once it has used up all the host ATP, it will initiate the electron transport chain, which culminates with ATP Synthase and the production of ATP. [2]

Another key molecule produced is polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), which is produced in high numbers when the nutrient source for the cell begins to diminish. PHA's are great carbon storing molecules and in the case of cellular starvation, PHA will serve as a carbon and energy source to maintain survival. [5]

Ecology

No research articles describing the ecology of R. prowazekii were found in my searches. For information on this subject try searching through the databases at the Center for Disease Control, http://www.cdc.gov or at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.

Pathology

The typical cycles of flea-borne Rickettsia being passing to humans; the cycle of R. prowazekii in lice is similar, CDC

R. prowazekii is the cause of epidemic typhus in humans. The disease is passed to humans through the body louse, or lice. Because of this it primarily shows up in areas of overpopulation and poor economy. [6]

Lice do not pass R. prowazekii onto humans directly through their bites. The lice will bite or scratch the human host until the skin is broken but then the bacteria is transferred via feces from the louse left in the wound. The lice may infect multiple human hosts in this manner but will die within 2 weeks of infecting the first host. Because the lice die, and thus the number of organisms that can pass on the disease decrease, R. prowazekii is able to survive in its human hosts for long periods of time and reinfect a "clean" louse so that the cycle will continue. [7]

Epidemic Typhus will cause death in up to 40% of untreated cases. The Center for Disease Control classifies R. prowazekii as a class B bioterrorism agent due to its "ability to be acquired via aerosol (like anthrax another deadly pathogen), efficient anthropod transmission, and severe clinical outcome and death in untreated cases." [8]

Symptoms of epidemic typhus include early onset fever, nausea, muscle pain, and headaches. Also, after a few days after the fever comes, a pink rash will develop first on the extremities and will move to the stomach and buttocks. Eventually the pink will raise up and also become darker. [9]

Application to Biotechnology

As mentioned above in the Metabolism section, R. prowazekii produce PHA's which are excellent for storing carbon. Current reasearch on PHA's includes looking into their usefulness as a biodegradable plastic. PHA's exhibit material properties that can range from rubber-like to the stiff and brittle class of PHA's known as PHB (poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate) making them a very viable substitute for synthetic plastics. [5]

Current Research

Groups of scientists at the Unoversity of Uppsala in Sweden and the University of South Alabama are both researching the connection between R. prowazekii and ancestral mitochondria. Neither code for glycolosis while both code for the TCA cycle; basically, ATP production in both organisms is the same. R. prowazekii also contains 24% non-coding DNA, "Such non-coding sequences may be degraded remnants of 'neutralized' genes that await elimination from the genome." [10]

Another area of research being conducted on R. prowazekii involves the examination of Type IV secretion systems in the protection from the hosts' defenses. These systems export toxins using plasmids and the conjugal transport system. "these systems are believed to be the key factors determining intracellular fate, and thus the ability to replicate and cause disease." [11]

Finally, another research group is comparing the genomes of R. prowazekii and its close relative R. conorii. Specifically, the research is looking for proteins that will be good targets for antimicrobial drugs by examining the metabolic pathways of both organisms. [2]

References

1 PATRIC: PathoSystems Resource Integration Center: Rickettsia prowazekii str. Madrid E

2 Patricia Renestoa, Hiroyuki Ogatab, Stéphane Audicb, Jean-Michel Claverieb and Didier Raoult; Some lessons from Rickettsia genomics FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2005 Jan;29(1):99-117

3 Jan O. Andersson and Siv G. E. Andersson; A century of typhus, lice and Rickettsia

4 Miklo´s Mueller* and William Martin; The genome of Rickettsia prowazekii and some thoughts on the origin of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes

5 Ojumu, T.V.*, Yu, J. and Solomon, B.O.; Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, a bacterial biodegradable polymer

6 Pierre-Edouard Fournier,* Jean-Bosco Ndihokubwayo,*† Jo Guidran,‡ Patrick J. Kelly,§ and Didier Raoult*; Human Pathogens in Body and Head Lice

7 Abdu F. Azad* and Charles B. Beard†; Rickettsial Pathogens and Their Arthropod Vectors

8 Sanela Svraka,* Jean-Marc Rolain,* Yassina Bechah,* John Gatabazi,† and Didier Raoult; Rickettsia prowazekii and Real-Time PCR

9 WebMD

10 Siv G. E. Andersson, Alireza Zomorodipour, Jan O. Andersson, Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén, U. Cecilia M. Alsmark, Raf M. Podowski, A. Kristina Näslund, Ann-Sofie Eriksson, Herbert H. Winkler and Charles G. Kurland; The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria

11 Jessica A. Sexton and Joseph P. Vogel; Type IVB Secretion by Intracellular Pathogens

Edited by Matthew Noble, student of Rachel Larsen

KMG