Enterococcus innesii: Difference between revisions

From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
(A student project on everything related to the microorganism Enterococcus innesii)
 
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Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used.  Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Firmicutes; Class: Bacilli; Order: Lactobacillales; Family: Enterococcaceae.
 
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'''NCBI: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1007084&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock]'''
'''NCBI: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/?term=2839759[uid]]'''


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''Enterococcus Innesii''
 
==Description and Significance==


''Genus species''
[[Image:microbepiiiic.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Legend. Image credit: BugGuide.net]]


Enterococcus innesii is a novel species of Enterococci isolated by researchers at John Innes Centre Entomology Facility (Norwich, UK) looking at the gut microbiome of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. This species is significant to the medical world as it is antibiotic resistant to vancomycin, a common antibiotic taken to treat enterococci infections. By studying this new species, researchers may be able to understand the way the bacteria has mutated and better understand how to combat mutations in novel bacterium to build effective antibiotics against such resistant strains.


==Description and Significance==
==Genome Structure==


Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.




==Genome Structure==
The enterococcus innesii genome is very similar among different strains. The genome is circular in shape and, in a study on 61 different strains of the species, the following data was acquired using 16S rRNA sequencing:


Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
# G+C Content (mol %) = 42.25 - 42.35%
# BP Count = 3692254 - 3806372 bp's
# rRNA = 15 - 22
# tRNA = 63 - 69


<blockquote> "E. innesii GAL7T was phylogenetically positioned among E. casseliflavus , E. flavescens (re-classified as E. casseliflavus ) and E. gallinarum cluster due to its 16S rRNA sequence similarity (99.53–99.93 %)" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8744253/).
</blockquote>


==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
[[Image:microbepiic.jpeg|thumb|500px|center|Legend. Image credit: PubMed.com]]


Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
==Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Life Cycle==


; Structure:
# Gram positive
# Coccoid cells
# 1.0 - 1.5 micrometer in diameter
# Commonly form chains or diplococci
# Motile
# Non-spore forming
# Colonies are non-pigmented, circular, smooth, and shiny


==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
; Metabolism:
# Facultative anaerobe
# Fermentate carbohydrates to lactic acid
# Strict fermenter (lacks Kreb's cycle)
# Negative for catalase, urease, oxidase production
# Negative for hydrolysis of hippurate and pyruvate utilization
# Positive for Voges–Proskauer reaction
# Positive for pyrrolidonyl arylamidase production and hydrolysis of aesculin and arginine dihydrolase.


Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.<br>
; Life Cycle:
# Cultures of the bacteria were capable of being grown at 10–45 °C with optimum at 30–37 °C in BHI broth
# NaCl concentrations between 0 to 8 (w/v) allowed for growth with optimum growth <6.5%
# Like other species of Enterococci, the bacteria inhabit the gastrointestinal consortia of the Greater Wax Moth, and potentially a wide variety of other host gut microbiomes.


If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br><br>
==Ecology and Pathogenesis==


Enterococcus innesii are regular inhabitants of the Greater Wax Moth bowel. Enterococci are the leading cause of hospital-acquired secondary infections. Enterococcus innesii is particularly deadly due to their resistance to vancomycin, a common antibiotic used to control Enterococci infections.In particular, all strains of the bacterium encoded gene vanC-4, responsible for its phenotypic response to vancomycin. Since the bacterium is novel, it has very little data concerning its interaction with humans, but it is likely similar in virulence to its genus Enterococci. Additionally, its mechanism of circumventing the vancomycin antibiotic has yet to be determined, but the gene responsible has been determined to be the atypical gene vanC-4. The bacterium was showed to have no hemolytic activity.


==References==
==References==
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[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]


# https://www.tgw1916.net/Enterococcus/innesii.html
# https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/938777
# https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8744253/
# https://www.news-medical.net/news/20211222/Newly-discovered-species-of-Enterococcus-bacteria-named-after-the-John-Innes-Centre.aspx
#https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Enterococcus#:~:text=Enterococci%20are%20Gram%2Dposistive%20cocci,a%20Kreb's%20cycle%20respiratory%20chain.
 
(finish up correct citation sometime)


==Author==
==Author==

Latest revision as of 23:50, 16 November 2022

This student page has not been curated.
Legend. Image credit: Eurekalert.com


Classification


Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Firmicutes; Class: Bacilli; Order: Lactobacillales; Family: Enterococcaceae.


Species

NCBI: [uid]

Enterococcus Innesii

Description and Significance

Legend. Image credit: BugGuide.net

Enterococcus innesii is a novel species of Enterococci isolated by researchers at John Innes Centre Entomology Facility (Norwich, UK) looking at the gut microbiome of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. This species is significant to the medical world as it is antibiotic resistant to vancomycin, a common antibiotic taken to treat enterococci infections. By studying this new species, researchers may be able to understand the way the bacteria has mutated and better understand how to combat mutations in novel bacterium to build effective antibiotics against such resistant strains.

Genome Structure

The enterococcus innesii genome is very similar among different strains. The genome is circular in shape and, in a study on 61 different strains of the species, the following data was acquired using 16S rRNA sequencing:

  1. G+C Content (mol %) = 42.25 - 42.35%
  2. BP Count = 3692254 - 3806372 bp's
  3. rRNA = 15 - 22
  4. tRNA = 63 - 69

"E. innesii GAL7T was phylogenetically positioned among E. casseliflavus , E. flavescens (re-classified as E. casseliflavus ) and E. gallinarum cluster due to its 16S rRNA sequence similarity (99.53–99.93 %)" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8744253/).

Legend. Image credit: PubMed.com

Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Life Cycle

Structure
  1. Gram positive
  2. Coccoid cells
  3. 1.0 - 1.5 micrometer in diameter
  4. Commonly form chains or diplococci
  5. Motile
  6. Non-spore forming
  7. Colonies are non-pigmented, circular, smooth, and shiny
Metabolism
  1. Facultative anaerobe
  2. Fermentate carbohydrates to lactic acid
  3. Strict fermenter (lacks Kreb's cycle)
  4. Negative for catalase, urease, oxidase production
  5. Negative for hydrolysis of hippurate and pyruvate utilization
  6. Positive for Voges–Proskauer reaction
  7. Positive for pyrrolidonyl arylamidase production and hydrolysis of aesculin and arginine dihydrolase.
Life Cycle
  1. Cultures of the bacteria were capable of being grown at 10–45 °C with optimum at 30–37 °C in BHI broth
  2. NaCl concentrations between 0 to 8 (w/v) allowed for growth with optimum growth <6.5%
  3. Like other species of Enterococci, the bacteria inhabit the gastrointestinal consortia of the Greater Wax Moth, and potentially a wide variety of other host gut microbiomes.

Ecology and Pathogenesis

Enterococcus innesii are regular inhabitants of the Greater Wax Moth bowel. Enterococci are the leading cause of hospital-acquired secondary infections. Enterococcus innesii is particularly deadly due to their resistance to vancomycin, a common antibiotic used to control Enterococci infections.In particular, all strains of the bacterium encoded gene vanC-4, responsible for its phenotypic response to vancomycin. Since the bacterium is novel, it has very little data concerning its interaction with humans, but it is likely similar in virulence to its genus Enterococci. Additionally, its mechanism of circumventing the vancomycin antibiotic has yet to be determined, but the gene responsible has been determined to be the atypical gene vanC-4. The bacterium was showed to have no hemolytic activity.

References

[Sample reference] Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.

  1. https://www.tgw1916.net/Enterococcus/innesii.html
  2. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/938777
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8744253/
  4. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20211222/Newly-discovered-species-of-Enterococcus-bacteria-named-after-the-John-Innes-Centre.aspx
  5. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Enterococcus#:~:text=Enterococci%20are%20Gram%2Dposistive%20cocci,a%20Kreb's%20cycle%20respiratory%20chain.

(finish up correct citation sometime)

Author

Page authored by Andrew Hall, student of Prof. Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington.

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