Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus': Difference between revisions

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==Description and Significance==
==Description and Significance==


Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.
 
   
   
Name Geo "from surface", psychro "psychrotolerant", bacter "rod-shaped", electrodi "found on electrode", philus "loving"
Name Geo "from surface", psychro "psychrotolerant", bacter "rod-shaped", electrodi "found on electrode", philus "loving"
Found in the Boston Harbor, Massachusetts on an electrode of a sediment feul cell about 5 meters deep. Psychrotolerant because they are found in temperatures between 4 degrees and 30 degrees celsius. This species is especially interesting because they can transfer electrons from oxidizing organic compounds.
Found in the Boston Harbor, Massachusetts on an electrode of a sediment feul cell about 5 meters deep. Psychrotolerant because they are found in temperatures between 4 degrees and 30 degrees celsius. This species is especially interesting because they can transfer electrons from oxidizing organic compounds. They are rod shaped, gram negative, and nonmotile.
 
Rod shaped, gram negative, nonmotile.


==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==


Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
The genome consists of one chromosome. They found that the 16S rRNA most similar to Malonomonas Rubra. When comparing sequences between recA, gyrB, fusA, rpoB, and nifD genes from known Geobacteraceae it was discovered that the recA, gyrB, and nifD genes from strains A1 and A2 are most similar to those of Desulfuromonas palmitatis, while the fusA and rpoB genes are most similar to those of Desulfuromusa succinoxidans. Their studies indicated that 65% of the 16S rRNA sequences associated with the current-harvesting electrodes in marine sediment fuel cellsare 90 to 97% similar to the 16S rRNA sequences of G. electrodiphilus.
 
One chromosome.
16S rRNA most similar to Malonomonas Rubra.
"Sequence comparisons between recA, gyrB, rpoB, fusA, and nifD genesfrom known Geobacteraceae indicated that the gyrB, recA, and nifD genes from strains A1 and A2 are most similar to those of Desulfuromonas palmitatis, while the rpoB and fusA genes are most similar to those of Desulfuromusa succinoxidans"
 
"65% of the 16S rRNA sequences associated with the current-harvesting electrodes in marine sediment fuel cells(17) are 90 to 97% similar to the 16S rRNA sequences" of G. electrodiphilus.


==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==


Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.


Abundance of type C cytochromes.
In an anaerobic environment, in this case, the sediment feul cell, some microbes digest complex organic matter near a graphite electrode. On the surface of this graphite elctrode, G. electrodiphilus grows and oxidizes fermentation products like acetate. As oxidation processes are coupled with reduction reactions, those oxidation processes produce carbon dioxide, protons and electrons. Poorly crystallized iron(III) oxide (that would be reduced to magnetite) could be used as a terminal electron acceptor, but in a sediment fuel cell, G. electrodiphilus has direct contact to the electrode and can use it as a sole electron acceptor. The electrons flow from the anode to the cathode in the overlying aerobic water, where they reduce oxygen.
 
"able to couple the complete oxidation of acetate to CO2with the reduction of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide at temperatures as low as 4°C.The stoichiometry of acetate utilization and Fe(III) reduction indicated that poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide served as the sole electron acceptor during growth"


==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
==Ecology and Pathogenesis==


Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.<br>


If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br><br>
G. electrodiphilus is found in sludge. In areas where sulfuphate reducers can thrive, G. electrodiphilus population decreased. In Blood Falls, Antarctica, an investigation of bacterial diversity of an iron oxide-tainted section of saltwater found that about 11% of microbes were G. electrodiphilus. The saltwater was identified as a subglacial ocean, where coupled biogeochemical processes below the glacier enable microbes to grow in extended isolation, accumulating iron(II) despite the presence of an active sulfur cycle.
 
Temperature: between 4 degrees and 30 degrees celsius.
Grows on the surface of the graphite electrode, used as the electron acceptor.


==References==
==References==


[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]


Schoch CL, et al. NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools. Database (Oxford). 2020: baaa062. PubMed: 32761142 PMC: PMC7408187.
Schoch CL, et al. NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools. Database (Oxford). 2020: baaa062. PubMed: 32761142 PMC: PMC7408187.
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==Author==
==Author==


Page authored by Michele Renard, student of Prof. Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington.
Page authored by Michele R., student of Prof. Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington.


Winner: 2022 Coolest Microbe Award


<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington]]
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington]]

Latest revision as of 02:41, 13 December 2023

This student page has not been curated.
Legend. Image credit: Name or Publication.


Classification

Bacteria; Thermodesulfobacteria; Desulfuromonadia; Disulfuromonadales; Geopsychrobacteraceae

Description and Significance

Name Geo "from surface", psychro "psychrotolerant", bacter "rod-shaped", electrodi "found on electrode", philus "loving" Found in the Boston Harbor, Massachusetts on an electrode of a sediment feul cell about 5 meters deep. Psychrotolerant because they are found in temperatures between 4 degrees and 30 degrees celsius. This species is especially interesting because they can transfer electrons from oxidizing organic compounds. They are rod shaped, gram negative, and nonmotile.

Genome Structure

The genome consists of one chromosome. They found that the 16S rRNA most similar to Malonomonas Rubra. When comparing sequences between recA, gyrB, fusA, rpoB, and nifD genes from known Geobacteraceae it was discovered that the recA, gyrB, and nifD genes from strains A1 and A2 are most similar to those of Desulfuromonas palmitatis, while the fusA and rpoB genes are most similar to those of Desulfuromusa succinoxidans. Their studies indicated that 65% of the 16S rRNA sequences associated with the current-harvesting electrodes in marine sediment fuel cellsare 90 to 97% similar to the 16S rRNA sequences of G. electrodiphilus.

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

In an anaerobic environment, in this case, the sediment feul cell, some microbes digest complex organic matter near a graphite electrode. On the surface of this graphite elctrode, G. electrodiphilus grows and oxidizes fermentation products like acetate. As oxidation processes are coupled with reduction reactions, those oxidation processes produce carbon dioxide, protons and electrons. Poorly crystallized iron(III) oxide (that would be reduced to magnetite) could be used as a terminal electron acceptor, but in a sediment fuel cell, G. electrodiphilus has direct contact to the electrode and can use it as a sole electron acceptor. The electrons flow from the anode to the cathode in the overlying aerobic water, where they reduce oxygen.

Ecology and Pathogenesis

G. electrodiphilus is found in sludge. In areas where sulfuphate reducers can thrive, G. electrodiphilus population decreased. In Blood Falls, Antarctica, an investigation of bacterial diversity of an iron oxide-tainted section of saltwater found that about 11% of microbes were G. electrodiphilus. The saltwater was identified as a subglacial ocean, where coupled biogeochemical processes below the glacier enable microbes to grow in extended isolation, accumulating iron(II) despite the presence of an active sulfur cycle.

References

Schoch CL, et al. NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools. Database (Oxford). 2020: baaa062. PubMed: 32761142 PMC: PMC7408187.

Holmes DE, Nicoll JS, Bond DR, Lovley DR (October 2004). "Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (10): 6023–30. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.6023H. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004. PMC 522133. PMID 15466546.

Ow YP, Green DR, Hao Z, Mak TW. Cytochrome c: functions beyond respiration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jul;9(7):532-42. doi: 10.1038/nrm2434. PMID: 18568041.

Author

Page authored by Michele R., student of Prof. Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington.

Winner: 2022 Coolest Microbe Award