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| {{Uncurated}} | | <!--Do not edit or remove this line!-->{{MooreL}} |
| {{Biorealm Genus}} | | {{Biorealm Genus}} |
| ==Classification== | | ==Classification== |
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| ===Higher order taxa=== | | ===Higher order taxa=== |
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| Bacteria; Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales; Flavobacteriaceae; Capnocytophaga [Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]
| | Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find] |
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| ===Species=== | | ===Species=== |
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| '''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' | | '''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=434&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' |
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| 'Capnocytophaga canimorsus' | | ''Genus species'' |
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| ==Description and significance== | | ==Description and significance== |
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| ==Cell and colony structure== | | ==Cell and colony structure== |
| C. canimorsus are Gram-negative fusiform or filamentous rods1 measuring 0.45-0.6 µm in diameter and 2.5-5.7 µm in length8. In blood media, longer rods, curved filaments, spindle shaped, and coccoid forms have also been observed. Colonies range from pink to yellow, are initially pin-point in size (less than 0.5 mm in diameter) and are either convex or flat.1 Flat colonies tend to be irregularly shaped while convex colonies have a narrow and flat edge. After 48 hours of incubation the colonies grow larger (3.5 mm in diameter) and are raised displaying a shiny spreading edge as well as finger-like projections for gliding motility. The bacteria have no flagella6, motors, or pili and their movement has been called surface translocation.8
| | Interesting features of cell structure. |
| | Interesting features of colony structure. |
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| ==Metabolism== | | ==Metabolism== |
| Successful isolation of C. canimorsus is facilitated by specialized culture on heart infusion agar supplemented with 5% rabbit or sheep blood and incubation in a candle extinction jar (CO2).6 The bacterium requires high levels of iron in the culture media1 and although not obligately microaerophilic, thrives in a CO2-rich environment.6 Poor growth was recorded on routine screening media including Tryptic soy agar, Tryptic soy blood agar, LB agar8, MacConkey agar6, and triple sugar iron agar6. The anticoagulant polyanethole-sulfonate which is commonly used in automatic blood culture systems inhibits the growth of C. canimorsus.1
| | Energy source(s); external electron donor(s) (=reductant source(s)); carbon source(s); oxygen classification; important molecules it produces. |
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| Biochemical testing showed C. canimorsus to differ from other Capnocytophaga species because it tested positive for oxidase and catalase1, and esculin reactions.8 C. canimorsus also tested positive for arginine dihydrolase, ơ-nitrophenyl-β-Ɗ-galactopyranoside, and alkaline phosphatase.1,6 Acid production without gas was recorded from the breakdown of the fermentable substrates Ɗ-glucose, lactose, and maltose. Other fermentable sources include dextrin, Ɗ-galactose, glycogen, Ɗ-mannose, and starch. Acid production was negative when grown in the presence of inulin, raffinose, melibiose, and sucrose. Variable reactions were observed for nitrate reduction, esculing hydrolysis, and acid production from cellibiose and fructose.
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| ==Ecology== | | ==Ecology== |
| C. canimorsus grows in the oral flora of 26-74% of canines, 18-57% of felines, and rarely rabbits.7
| | Habitat; symbiosis; contributions to the environment. |
| | metagenomic data link |
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| ==Pathology== | | ==Pathology== |
| The oral flora of dogs is a highly competitive feeding ground for approximately 500 different bacterial strains.9 C. canimorsus is resistant to phagocytosis and killing by macrophages and blocks the killing of unrelated bacteria by macrophages. The bacterium exhibits robust growth when in contact with mammalian cells.10
| | Does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors. |
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| Due to sialidase and the polysaccharide utilization loci PCL5-encoded Gpd complex, C. canimorsus has been shown to sustain growth by evading host phagocytic cells and capturing amino-sugars off of their surfaces. Sialidase passes through the bacterium’s cytoplasmic membrane via the Sec pathway, crosses the outer membrane and remains attached. Although the mechanism of action is still being studied it has been shown that the Gpd genes associated with the complex consist of a specific outer membrane porin, a starch-binding protein, glycan binding proteins, and an endo-β-Ɲ-acetylglucosaminidase. The surface localized complex allows C. canimorsus to feed on glycan chains from the glycoproteins exposed on the surface of host epithelial cells and macrophages without adhering to them.10 The complex initiates a deglycosylation process for C. canimorsus metabolism. Sialidase might have evolved as a metabolic fitness factor contributing to commensalism in the canine and feline oral flora, but when the bacterium is exposed to a new host, the complex contributes to pathogenesis.5
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| Clinical Symptoms and Treatment
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| Systemic symptoms arise 5-7 days prior to a dog bite.1 Initial symptoms range from localized cellulitis, pain, purulent discharge, lymphangitis, and regional lymphadenopathy. Septicemia symptoms include chills, mylagia, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, abdominal pain, malaise, mental confusion, and headache. Immunocompromised individuals exposed to the bacterium are more susceptible than healthy persons to sepsis, meningitis, osteomylitis, peritonitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, purulent arthritis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and fulminant purpura.1
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| Medications that have been successful in vitro include penicillins, erythromycin, clindamycin, doxycycline, rifampin, quinolones, carbapenems, vancomycin, and third - generation cephalosporins, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid because some beta-lactamase-producing strains have been isolated.7
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| 1.Wim Gaastra, Len J.A. Lipman. Review Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Elsevier, Veterinary Microbiology 140 (2010) 339-346 [doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.040]
| | [Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/62/2/330; Sylvie Cousin, Marie-Laure Gulat-Okalla, Laurence Motreff, Catherine Gouyette, Christiane Bouchier, Dominique Clermont, and Chantal Bizet. Lactobacillus gigeriorum sp. nov., isolated from chicken crop. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol February 2012 62:330-334; published ahead of print March 18, 2011.} |
| | | [doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028217-0.] |
| 2. Michio Suzuki, Masanobu Kimura, Koichi Imaoka, Akio Yamada. Prevalence of Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Capnocytophaga cynodegmi in dogs and cats determined by using a newly established species-specific PCR. Veterinary Microbiology Volume 144 Issues 1-2, 29 July 2010, Pages 172-176. [doi:10.1128/JCM.01246-09]
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| 3. http://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp; Copyright 1998-2012 American Pet Products Association Inc.
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| 4. Pablo Manfred, Marco Pagni, Guy R. Cornelis. Complete Genome Sequence of the Dog Commensal and Humane Pathogenic Capnocytophaga canimorsus Strain 5. Journal of Bacteriology October 2011 vol. 193 no. 19 5558-5559. [doi:10.1128/JB.05853-11.]
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| 5. Francesco Renzi, Pablo Manfredi, Manuela Mally, Suzette Moes, Paul Jeno , Guy R. Cornelis. The N-glycan Glycoprotein Deglycosylation Complex(Gpd) from Capnocytophaga canimorsus Deglycosylates Human IgG. PLoS Pathog 7(6): e1002118. [doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002118]
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| 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC267282/pdf/jcm00062-0015.pdf Don J. Brenner, Dannie G. Hollis, G. Richard Fanning, and Robert E. Weaver. Capnocytophaga canimorsus sp. nov. (Formerly CDC Group DF-2), a Cause of Septicemia following Dog Bite, and C. cynodegmi sp. nov., a Cause of Localized Wound Infection following Dog Bite. Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 27, No. 2, Feb. 1989, p. 231-235, 0095-1137/89/020231-05.
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| 7. J. Scott Weese and Martha B. Fulford. Bacterial Diseases. Companion Animal Zoonoses. Published Online: 10 December 2010. [doi: 10.1002/9780470958957]
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| 8. S.K. Dilegge, V.P. Edgcomb, E.R. Leadbetter, Presence of the oral bacterium Capnocytophaga canimorsus in the tooth plaque of canines, Elseiver, Veterinary Microbiology 149 (2011) 437-445 [doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.12.010]
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| 9. Manuela mally, Hwain Shin, Cécile Paroz, Regine Landmann, and Guy R. Cornelis. Capnocytophaga canimorsus A Human Pathogen Feeding at the Surface of Epithelial Cells and Phagocytes. PLoS Pathog 4(9) 2008 e1000164 [doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000164]
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| 10. Hwain Shin, Manuela Mally, Salome Meyer, Chantal Fiechter, Cécile Paroz, Ulrich Zaehringer, Guy R. Cornelis. Resistance of Capnocytophaga canimorsus to Killing by Human Complement and Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. Infect. Immun. June 2009 vol. 77 no. 6 2262-2271[doi: 10.1128/IAI.01324-08]
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| Edited by student of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio | | Edited by PUT YOUR NAME HERE of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio |
A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus LRMoore, Univ of Southern Maine
Classification
Higher order taxa
Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]
Species
Genus species
Description and significance
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.
Genome structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?
Cell and colony structure
Interesting features of cell structure.
Interesting features of colony structure.
Metabolism
Energy source(s); external electron donor(s) (=reductant source(s)); carbon source(s); oxygen classification; important molecules it produces.
Ecology
Habitat; symbiosis; contributions to the environment.
metagenomic data link
Pathology
Does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors.
References
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/62/2/330; Sylvie Cousin, Marie-Laure Gulat-Okalla, Laurence Motreff, Catherine Gouyette, Christiane Bouchier, Dominique Clermont, and Chantal Bizet. Lactobacillus gigeriorum sp. nov., isolated from chicken crop. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol February 2012 62:330-334; published ahead of print March 18, 2011.}
[doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028217-0.]
Edited by PUT YOUR NAME HERE of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio
