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| {{Uncurated}} | | <!--Do not edit or remove this line!-->{{MooreL}} |
| {{Biorealm Genus}} | | {{Biorealm Genus}} |
| ==Classification== | | ==Classification== |
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| ===Species=== | | ===Species=== |
| [[Image:Adbacterial.jpg|frame|right|150px|PUT FIGURE LEGEND HERE ALONG WITH THE REFERENCE]] | | |
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| | '''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=434&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]''' |
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| ''Genus species'' | | ''Genus species'' |
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| ==Cell and colony structure== | | ==Cell and colony structure== |
| Electron microscopy has revealed B. recurrentis as a spirochetal cell with pointed ends containing 8-10 periplasmic flagella, an average wavelength of 1.8 pm and an amplitude of 0.8 pm (fig 1)[2]. Because of the flagella, this is a motile bacterium which leads to greater spreading in the bloodstream of the host. Contrary to most pathogenic bacteria, B. recurrentis is gram negative.
| | Interesting features of cell structure. |
| | Interesting features of colony structure. |
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| Figure 1:
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| Electron micrographs of B. recurrentis Al. F, flagella; SL, surface layer; OM, outer membrane; CM, cytoplasmic membrane. (a) Spirochetal morphology of
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| cells. (b) Negative staining (phosphotungstic acid) of spirochetal cells, illustrating the tapering ends. (c) Transverse section of cell, showing the periplasmic flagella. (d)
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| Negatively stained preparation (ammonium molybdate), showing terminally associated flagella. (e) Negatively stained preparation (ammonium molybdate), showing
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| flagella associated with the central portion of a cell. [2]
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| ==Metabolism== | | ==Metabolism== |
| This microaerophilic microbe is also mesophilic (it prefers moderate temperatures of 68-113o F), where the human host provides perfect conditions for the bacteria to thrive [3]. It is also an auxotroph for most amino acids, meaning that it is unable to produce them itself and absorbs them from the environment instead [3].
| | Energy source(s); external electron donor(s) (=reductant source(s)); carbon source(s); oxygen classification; important molecules it produces. |
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| ==Ecology== | | ==Ecology== |
| B. recurrentis is known for its inhabitance in human hosts and has only successfully been able to infect primates.
| | Habitat; symbiosis; contributions to the environment. |
| | metagenomic data link |
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| ==Pathology== | | ==Pathology== |
| These spirochaetes normally cause a blood infection but they can also infect the nervous system along with other tissues [5]. There are no known virulence factors, but there are a few novel ways that this sneaky pathogen evades the host immune system [5]. The body has its way of recognizing and enhancing the recognition of foreign invaders called opsonization, which targets them for destruction through a cascade of reactions known as the complement system. Recent studies show that B. recurrentis expresses a multifunctional surface lipoprotein, termed HcpA, that exploits the host’s proteins and offers resistance to complement attack and opsonization while increasing the potential to invade the host’s tissues [6]. Since HcpA outlines the high virulence potential of B. recurrentis, it makes a good target for therapeutic treatment of LBRF, however, none have been created yet. It was also found that this spirochete binds to the PLG(human plasminogen/Plasmin) receptor on endothelium cells and exploits their increased proteolytic capacity to breach tight junctions of endothelium, cross basement membranes, and to initiate patho-physiological processes in the affected organs [6]. Another novel approach is its ability to undergo antigenic variation, meaning that once the innate immune system is able to identify and start fighting off the first antigenic type, another antigenic type appears. This impairs the host immunes system from being able to clear the infection and explains why there are multiple recurrences of fever [6]. To treat LBRF, tetracyclines and penicillins are commonly used and are usually quite effective; however they may cause a severe Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, which can be fatal [1] . This reaction causes fever, chills, rigor, hypotension, headache, tachycardia, hyperventilation, vasodilation with flushing, myalgia (muscle pain), and exacerbation of skin lesions because the death of the bacteria causes the release of harmful endotoxins faster than the body can get rid of them.
| | Does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors. |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| [1] Houhamdi, Linda, and Didier Raoult. "Excretion Living Borrelia recurrentis in Feces of Infected Human Body Lice." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 191.11 (2005): 1898-1906. | | [Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/62/2/330; Sylvie Cousin, Marie-Laure Gulat-Okalla, Laurence Motreff, Catherine Gouyette, Christiane Bouchier, Dominique Clermont, and Chantal Bizet. Lactobacillus gigeriorum sp. nov., isolated from chicken crop. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol February 2012 62:330-334; published ahead of print March 18, 2011.} |
| | | [doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028217-0.] |
| [2] Cutler, S.J, J. Moss, M. Fukunaga, D.J.M. Wright, D. Fekade, and D. Warrel. "Borrelia recurrentis Characterization and Comparison with Relapsing-Fever, Lyrne-Associated, and Other Borrelia spp.." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47.4 (1997): 958-968. | |
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| [3] "Borrelia recurrentis A1." Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea Genomes. 3.5. California: Doe Joint Genome Institute, 2012. 1 Mar 2012. <http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/m/main.cgi>
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| [4] Cutler, J.S, A. Abdissa, and J.F. Trape. "New concepts for the old challenge of African relapsing fever borreliosis." Clinical Microbiology & Infection. 15.5 (2009): 400-406. 5 Mar. 2012. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02819.x
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| [5] Magali, Lescot, Stephane Audic, Catherine Robert, et al. "The Genome of Borrelia recurrentis, the Agent of Deadly Louse- Borne Relapsing Fever, Is a Degraded Subset of Tick-Borne Borrelia duttonii." PLoS Genetics. 4.9 (2008): 1-12. 5 Mar. 2012. DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000185
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| [6] Grosskinsky, Sonja, Melanie Schott, Christiane Brenner, et al. "Borrelia recurrentis Employs a Novel Multifunctional Surface Protein with Anti-Complement, Anti-Opsonic and Invasive Potential to Escape Innate Immunity." PLoS ONE. 4.3 (2009): 1-13. 5 Mar. 2012. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0004858 | |
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| Edited by Cassandra Terry of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio | | Edited by PUT YOUR NAME HERE of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio |
A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus LRMoore, Univ of Southern Maine
Classification
Higher order taxa
Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]
Species
Genus species
Description and significance
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why you think it is important.
Genome structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?
Cell and colony structure
Interesting features of cell structure.
Interesting features of colony structure.
Metabolism
Energy source(s); external electron donor(s) (=reductant source(s)); carbon source(s); oxygen classification; important molecules it produces.
Ecology
Habitat; symbiosis; contributions to the environment.
metagenomic data link
Pathology
Does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors.
References
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/62/2/330; Sylvie Cousin, Marie-Laure Gulat-Okalla, Laurence Motreff, Catherine Gouyette, Christiane Bouchier, Dominique Clermont, and Chantal Bizet. Lactobacillus gigeriorum sp. nov., isolated from chicken crop. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol February 2012 62:330-334; published ahead of print March 18, 2011.}
[doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028217-0.]
Edited by PUT YOUR NAME HERE of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine, Department of Biological Sciences, http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio
