Paenibacillus: Difference between revisions
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===Antibiotic Potential=== | ===Antibiotic Potential=== | ||
Shows antibiotic potential with significant zones of inhibition in agar inoculated for confluence of both ''E. coli'' and ''S. aureus''. | Shows antibiotic potential with significant zones of inhibition in agar inoculated for confluence of both ''E. coli'' and ''S. aureus''. | ||
''Paenibacillus'' species are known to produce many strong antimicrobial lipopeptides including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral enzymes. [1] | ''Paenibacillus'' species are known to produce many strong antimicrobial lipopeptides including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral enzymes. [1] | ||
Revision as of 21:42, 5 December 2017
Classification
Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]
Species
|
NCBI: Taxonomy |
Genus species
Habitat Information
Soil isolate collected 9/5/2017 at 3pm CST, on a sunny day.
- Soil Type
- SsC—Speck stony clay loam, 1-5% slopes, well drained
- Description
- Dry grassy area adjacent to an inhabited home, mostly shaded, not recently disturbed, beneath a disused plastic tumbling compost barrel.
- GPS Location
- 30.18538 latitude, -97.9021722 longitude
- Air Temperature
- 93 F
- Solar Radiation
- 22.66 MJ/m2
- Humidity
- 43%
- Rainfall
- 0.00 inches
- Pressure
- 30.03
- Depth
- 2 inches
Description and Significance
Colony Morphology
Isolate forms punctiform colonies, very transparent with a milky white color. The margin is entire, and the surface is glossy and convex, with no noticeable odor.
Antibiotic Potential
Shows antibiotic potential with significant zones of inhibition in agar inoculated for confluence of both E. coli and S. aureus.
Paenibacillus species are known to produce many strong antimicrobial lipopeptides including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral enzymes. [1]
Antibiotic/Disinfectant Susceptibility
Antibiotics: Highly sensitive to Cefoxitin, Ceftazidime, Ticarcillin/Clavulanic Acid, Vancomycin, Ampicilin/Sulbactam.
Disinfectants: Resistant to rosemary, 10% bleach and 100% bleach. Sensitive to orange essential oil. Minimally sensitive to lavender.
Medicinal Significance
In an article published January 2016 in ‘Medicinal Research Reviews’ Paenibacillus species are described as among ‘A Gold Mine of Antibiotic Candidates’. Paenibacillus produce a wide variety of lipopeptides that could be developed into antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral drugs. There is limited research on these lipopeptides, but they are diverse, numerous, and potent. [1] Development of antibiotic resistance to lipopeptides is also known to be much slower. In addition to lipopeptides, Paenibacillus also produce two of the three types of bacteriocins. And some research suggests that their exopolysaccharides have potential as antioxidants, anti-tumour medication, and possibly even tooth decay preventors. [2]
Agricultural Significance
Many species produce antifungals and insecticides that protect plants from pathogens and insect herbivores. They can also stimulate the plant’s own resistance mechanisms. Several species produce enzymes that kill the larvae of beetles and lepidopterans. Additionally, they are known to promote crop growth via nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and iron acquisition. Research suggests that Paenibacillus could be employed as a less expensive, more environmentally friendly fertilizer than many of the manufactured chemical phosphorus fertilizers used today. [2]
Industrial Significance
Although currently not used in any industry, certain species of Paenibacillus produce enzymes that could be used in detergents, biofuel, paper, textiles, and food manufacturing. Their potential benefit as a more stable, more productive, less expensive source of enzymes for industrial applications remains unstudied.[2]
Pathogenic Significance
One species of Paenibacillus, P. larvae, has been the subject of many studies because it causes American Foulbrood, a deadly disease that afflicts honeybees worldwide. American Foulbrood is the most destructive brood disease and is difficult to treat for multiple reasons, including antibiotic resistance. To prevent the spread of infection to neighboring bee colonies, bee keepers have to burn entire hives.[2]
Paenibacillus globratella causes a highly contagious, deadly disease in snails. In tropical regions snails are a common vector for Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease of great public health concern in Africa. Thus, researchers hope P. globratella could be used as biocontrol agent for the spread of Schistosomiasis.[2]
Paenibacillus species are also opportunistic pathogens in humans, more commonly affecting immunocompromised individuals. They are associated (correlated), but not shown to be the direct cause of chronic kidney disease, sickle cell disease, premature birth, Whipple’s disease, hydrocephalus, skin cancer, chronic interstitial nephropathy, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. All of these associations are thought to be opportunistic. [2]
Genome Structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.
Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle
Cellular Morphology
The isolate stained as a gram negative rod-shaped bacillus. It forms oval-shaped endospores slightly larger than its vegetative form. It is motile, aerobic, and catalase positive. It does not have a capsule.
Paenibacillus species can be gram positive, negative or variable. Additionally, Paenibacillus species with gram positive structure can stain as variable or negative. [4] They have peritrichous flagella and are unusual in that they can move on hard agar media. [3] They grow best at a pH of 7 but some are alkaliphilic. They prefer a temperature of 28-40 degrees Centigrade and NaCl concentrations lower than 10%. They can hydrolyze a variety of carbohydrates. [4]
- Our soil isolate is
- Positive for starch hydrolysis, produces amylase.
- Positive for bile esculin, hydrolyzes esculin in the presence of bile.
- Weak alpha for partial hemolytic activity in a blood agar test.
- Positive for growth in a 6.5% salt tolerance test.
- The following tests were negative
- glucose fermentation, sucrose fermentation, lactose fermentation, mannitol fermentation, casease production, gelatinase production, DNAse production, lipase production, urease production, Voges-Proskauer (acetoin production), citrate utilization, sulfur reduction, indole production, mixed acid production (mythyl red test), nitrate reduction, phenylalanine deaminase production, and decarboxylase production.
Physiology and Pathogenesis
Biochemical characteristics, enzymes made, other characteristics that may be used to identify the organism; contributions to environment (if any).
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
References
Author
Page authored by Sarah Haley and Marissa Parks, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.
