Phocine Distemper virus: Difference between revisions
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=Classification= | =Classification= | ||
Phocine distemper virus is a species of ssRNA negative-strand virus in the order Mononegavirales, family Paramyxoviridae, and genus Morbillivirus | Phocine distemper virus is a species of ssRNA negative-strand virus in the order Mononegavirales, family Paramyxoviridae, and genus Morbillivirus [[#References |[14]]]. | ||
=Introduction= | =Introduction= | ||
Phocine distemper virus (PDV) is a pathogen of the Morbillivirus genus of viruses that infect a number of mammals | Phocine distemper virus (PDV) is a pathogen of the Morbillivirus genus of viruses that infect a number of mammals [[#References |[15]]]. PDV more specifically infects pinnipeds (seals, walruses, etc.) and has caused several epidemics in the last one hundred years. In 2002, an outbreak of PDV outbreak killed between 22 ,000 and 30, 000 harbour seals (40% of regional population), one of the largest recorded mass mortality event in marine mammals [[#References |[18]]]. The virus structure (genome, protein makeup, etc.) has been characterized in the past fifty years, but the dynamics of PDV in the environment, its ecological significance and mode of action, is less clear [[#References |[1]]]. Active investigation of the virus is crucial considering the impact PDV has had on pinniped populations across the globe [[#References |[10]]]. | ||
=Genome structure= | |||
Members of the Morbillivirus genus all have a genome made up of single stranded RNA, non-segmented and negative sense. The genome of PDV is 15,700 nucleotides in length (within the range of most Morbillivirus) and has all of the same core genes as the other members of the genus coding for matrix proteins, nucleocapsid, phosphoproteins, fusion glycoproteins, hemagglutinin, and coding for the main part of the RNA-based RNA polymerase ([[#References |[1]]]. There are two more proteins coded in the genome (C and V) that are not involved in virus structure but impact viral pathogenicity. Both proteins block interferon (a protein that inhibits viral replication) signaling pathways in host cells hindering their ability to induce immune responses, especially against viruses [[#References |[16]]]. | |||
The variation in the gene sequence for hemagglutinin from other viral sequences is what has most commonly been used to distinguish PDV from other Morbillivirus [[#References |[3]]]. | |||
=Virus structure= | |||
Like other Morbillivirus, PDV is an enveloped virus of icosahedral (20 faced polyhedron) shape, measuring about 150–250 nm in length. This envelope carries two transmembrane proteins: hemagglutinin and fusion glycoprotein, both responsible for merging of the virion envelope with the cell membrane [[#References |[10]]]. PDV also has a helical nucleocapsid, where the genomic RNA and associated proteins are housed [[#References |[10]]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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<br>Edited by [Alexandra LUTHER, Marine OLIVE, Roberto NUNES, Tony PHAM], | <br>Edited by [Alexandra LUTHER, Marine OLIVE, Roberto NUNES, Tony PHAM], students of [mailto:jmtalbot@bu.edu Jennifer Talbot] for [http://www.bu.edu/academics/cas/courses/cas-bi-311/ BI 311 General Microbiology], 2018, [http://www.bu.edu/ Boston University]. | ||
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Jennifer Talbot at Boston University]] | <!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Jennifer Talbot at Boston University]] | ||
Revision as of 15:21, 10 December 2018
Classification
Phocine distemper virus is a species of ssRNA negative-strand virus in the order Mononegavirales, family Paramyxoviridae, and genus Morbillivirus [14].
Introduction
Phocine distemper virus (PDV) is a pathogen of the Morbillivirus genus of viruses that infect a number of mammals [15]. PDV more specifically infects pinnipeds (seals, walruses, etc.) and has caused several epidemics in the last one hundred years. In 2002, an outbreak of PDV outbreak killed between 22 ,000 and 30, 000 harbour seals (40% of regional population), one of the largest recorded mass mortality event in marine mammals [18]. The virus structure (genome, protein makeup, etc.) has been characterized in the past fifty years, but the dynamics of PDV in the environment, its ecological significance and mode of action, is less clear [1]. Active investigation of the virus is crucial considering the impact PDV has had on pinniped populations across the globe [10].
Genome structure
Members of the Morbillivirus genus all have a genome made up of single stranded RNA, non-segmented and negative sense. The genome of PDV is 15,700 nucleotides in length (within the range of most Morbillivirus) and has all of the same core genes as the other members of the genus coding for matrix proteins, nucleocapsid, phosphoproteins, fusion glycoproteins, hemagglutinin, and coding for the main part of the RNA-based RNA polymerase ([1]. There are two more proteins coded in the genome (C and V) that are not involved in virus structure but impact viral pathogenicity. Both proteins block interferon (a protein that inhibits viral replication) signaling pathways in host cells hindering their ability to induce immune responses, especially against viruses [16]. The variation in the gene sequence for hemagglutinin from other viral sequences is what has most commonly been used to distinguish PDV from other Morbillivirus [3].
Virus structure
Like other Morbillivirus, PDV is an enveloped virus of icosahedral (20 faced polyhedron) shape, measuring about 150–250 nm in length. This envelope carries two transmembrane proteins: hemagglutinin and fusion glycoprotein, both responsible for merging of the virion envelope with the cell membrane [10]. PDV also has a helical nucleocapsid, where the genomic RNA and associated proteins are housed [10].
References
[1] [Duignan, P., Van Bressem, M., Baker, J., Barbieri, M., Colegrove, K., De Guise, S., … Wellehan, J. (2014). Phocine Distemper Virus: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Viruses, 6(12), 5093-5134. doi:10.3390/v6125093]
[2] [Goldstein, T., Mazet, J. A., Gill, V. A., Doroff, A. M., Burek, K. A., & Hammond, J. A. (2009). Phocine Distemper Virus in Northern Sea Otters in the Pacific Ocean, Alaska, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(6), 925-927. doi:10.3201/eid1506.090056]
[3] [Hammond, J. A. (2005). Identification and real-time PCR quantification of Phocine distemper virus from two colonies of Scottish grey seals in 2002. Journal of General Virology, 86(9), 2563-2567. doi:10.1099/vir.0.80962-0]
[4] [Harris, C. M., Travis, J. M., & Harwood, J. (2008). Evaluating the Influence of Epidemiological Parameters and Host Ecology on the Spread of Phocine Distemper Virus through Populations of Harbour Seals. PLoS ONE, 3(7), e2710. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002710]
[5] [Härkönen, T., Harding, K., Rasmussen, T. D., Teilmann, J., & Dietz, R. (2007). Age- and Sex-Specific Mortality Patterns in an Emerging Wildlife Epidemic: The Phocine Distemper in European Harbour Seals. PLoS ONE, 2(9), e887. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000887]
[6] [Ludes-Wehrmeister E., Dupke C., Harder T.C., Baumgärtner W., Haas L., Teilmann J., Dietz R., Jensen L.J. & Siebert U. (2016). Phocine distemper virus (PDV) seroprevalence as predictor for future outbreaks in harbour seals. Veterinary Microbiology 183: 43-49]
[7] [Pádraig J. Duignan, Jeremiah T. Saliki, David J. St. Aubin, James A. House, and Joseph R. Geraci (1994) Neutralizing antibodies to Phocine Distemper Virus in Atlantic Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) from Arctic Canada. Journal of Wildlife Diseases: January 1994, 30(1): 90-94.]
[8] [Saliki, J., Lehenbauer, T. (2001). Monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of morbillivirus antibody in marine mammal sera. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(5):1877-81. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.5.1877-1881.2001.]
[9] [Wohlsein, P., Müller, G., Haas, L., Siebert, U., Harder, T. C., & Baumgärtner, W. (2007). Antigenic characterization of phocine distemper virus causing mass mortality in 2002 and its relationship to other morbilliviruses. Archives of Virology, 152(8), 1559-1564. doi:10.1007/s00705-007-0970-9.]
[10] [Lvov, D.K., Shchelkanov, M.Y., Alkhovsky, S.A., Deryabin, P.G. 2015. Zoonotic Viruses in Northern Eurasia. Elsevier. Chapter 5 Order Mononegavirales: 77-106.]
[11] [Rijks J.M., Read F.L., Van de Bildt M.W., Van Bolhuis H.G., Martina B.E., Wagenaar J.A., van der Meulen K., Osterhaus A.D., Kuiken T. (2008). Quantitative analysis of the 2002 phocine distemper epidemic in the Netherlands. Vet. Pathol, 45:516–530. doi: 10.1354/vp.45-4-516.]
[12] [Schumacher U., Horny H.P., Heidemann G., Schultz W., Welsch U. (1990). Histopathological findings in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) found dead on the German North sea coast. J. Comp. Pathol, 102:299–309. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80019-9.]
[13] [Siebert U., Gulland F., Harder T., Janiaux T., Seibel H., Wohlsein P., Baumgartner W. (2010). Epizootics in Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina): Clinical Aspects. NAMMCO Sci. Publ. 8:265–274.]
[14] [NCBI. Taxonomy Browser: Phocine Morbillivirus. Retrieved Oct. 19, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11240&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock]
[15] [Jo, W., Osterhaus, A. and Ludlow, M. (2018). Transmission of morbilliviruses within and among marine mammal species. Current Opinion in Virology, 28, pp.133-141.]
[16] [Chinnakannan, S.K., Nanda S.K., and Baron, M.D. (2013). Morbillivirus V Proteins Exhibit Multiple Mechanisms to Block Type 1 and Type 2 Interferon Signalling Pathways. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57063. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057063]
[17] [Müller G, Wohlsein P, Beineke A, Haas L, Greiser-Wilke I, Siebert U, et al. Phocine Distemper in German Seals, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(4):723-725. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1004.030591]
[18] [Klepac, P., Pomeroy, L. W., Bjornstad, O. N., Kuiken, T., Osterhaus, A. D., & Rijks, J. M. (2009). Stage-structured transmission of phocine distemper virus in the Dutch 2002 outbreak. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1666), 2469-2476. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0175]
Edited by [Alexandra LUTHER, Marine OLIVE, Roberto NUNES, Tony PHAM], students of Jennifer Talbot for BI 311 General Microbiology, 2018, Boston University.
