Plasmodium ovale: Difference between revisions

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==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==


Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
<i>Plasmodium ovale</i> is known to be circular like an oval and typically larger than a normal red blood cell about 1 1/4 times the size. Day five infections range from 28 micrometers to 60 micrometers with large nuclei, about 2 micrometers across. Nine-day infections range from 70 micrometers to 80 micrometers by 50 micrometers. It is seen to be as large, spherical, and made up of two portions, cytoplasm and nucleus. As the days continue, the parasites grow in length, width, and height, allowing them to infect more red blood cells and alter the human's internal system. These circular structures are also identifiable in the way that they have fimbriae that project outside of the normal, enlarged-looking blood cell. Although the last of the malaria species to be found, <i>Plasmodium ovale</i> is a dangerous infection that can differentiate into different parts of the body and remain dormant in a human's liver for up to 4 years.
 


==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==

Revision as of 03:29, 20 November 2024

This student page has not been curated.


Classification

Eukaryota (Domain); Apicomplexa (Phylum); Aconoidasida (Class); Haemosporida (Order); Plasmodiidae (family); Plasmodium (genus)


Species

Plasmodium ovale

Description and Significance

Plasmodium ovale is a parasite of malaria that is in red blood cells and can look normal or even a little bit enlarged, up to 1 and 1/4 times the normal size, and can be oval or round. It has hair-like or finger-like projections surrounding the structure as well, which differs from regular red blood cells. Plasmodium ovale is a blood parasite and it typically resides in human blood as the most common host. One of the dormant stages of P. ovale is when it persists in the liver of the human and can eventually relapse up to years later. This bacterium is most often found in the Sub-Saharan Africa region but there is potential for possible distribution to other areas of the world, even though it can be rare. Because the bacteria can remain dormant in the liver, it is important to understand the effects of this bacterium and the issues that can come from an infection or exposure. Be aware of mosquitoes when you are in an area that has the potential of carrying this disease, as that is the typical vector. Although rare in some areas, it is important to be familiar with the possibility of infections when traveling to these areas and get any prior vaccinations possible to prevent the spread.

Genome Structure

Plasmodium ovale is known to be circular like an oval and typically larger than a normal red blood cell about 1 1/4 times the size. Day five infections range from 28 micrometers to 60 micrometers with large nuclei, about 2 micrometers across. Nine-day infections range from 70 micrometers to 80 micrometers by 50 micrometers. It is seen to be as large, spherical, and made up of two portions, cytoplasm and nucleus. As the days continue, the parasites grow in length, width, and height, allowing them to infect more red blood cells and alter the human's internal system. These circular structures are also identifiable in the way that they have fimbriae that project outside of the normal, enlarged-looking blood cell. Although the last of the malaria species to be found, Plasmodium ovale is a dangerous infection that can differentiate into different parts of the body and remain dormant in a human's liver for up to 4 years.

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.


Ecology and Pathogenesis

Plasmodium ovale is a protozoan disease, under the malaria infectious disease category, that is transmitted from a mosquito Anopheles via a bite. Plasmodium ovale is most commonly found in tropical Western Africa. Less than 1% of cases reported were found outside of the endemic region of Western Africa. Those countries include Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. Various malaria strains have been found in 107 countries and causes up to 3 million deaths per year. Plasmodium ovale is most commonly found in tropical Western Africa. Less than 1% of cases reported were found outside of the endemic region of Western Africa. Those countries include Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The ratio of Plasmodium ovale in comparison to other malaria infections is relatively low. It is recorded that 1:1000 cases of malaria are Plasmodium ovale. The severity of Plasmodium ovale is low due to the lack of cases. The disease is transmitted through the saliva of the Anopheles during a blood meal. The recorded symptoms of Plasmodium ovale include high fevers, headaches, fatigue, sweating, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and orthostatic hypotension. The indicators of Plasmodium ovale as the specific strain of malaria are a patient presenting with a fever, rigors, and chill at reoccurring intervals. Anopheles and Plasmodium ovale have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship because both the disease and the mosquito benefit from the relationship. The Plasmodium ovale benefits from the Anopheles spreading the disease by relying on the Anopheles as its host. The Anopheles benefits because the Plasmodium ovale increases its lifespan via anti-aging transcriptomes and enhances chemoreceptor sensitivity.

References

Schoch CL, et al. NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools. Database (Oxford). 2020: baaa062. PubMed: 32761142 PMC: PMC7408187



[Sample reference] Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.

Author

Page authored by Mason Clark, Anna Darlington, Kara Cotton, & Hanna Elberson, students of Prof. Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington.