Desulfosarcina: Difference between revisions
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Sulfate reducers have a wide range of cellular morphologies, including rods, vibrios, ovals, spheres and even tear-dropped or onion shaped cells. Some are motile, others are not. Most sulfate-reducing bacteria are mesophilic, but a few thermophiles are known. ''Desulfosarcina variabilis'' is mesophilic, and contains bacterial core lipids (see images on left). The dominant phospholipid headgroups in ''D. variabilis'' are Phosphoethanolamine PE (48%) and Phosphoglycerol PG (33%). One study has found that ''Desulfosarcina variabilis'' solely contained n-hexadecyl ether side chains. For more information on tetraether lipids found in Archaea, click [http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/archaea/sulfolobus/sulfolobus.html#tetra here]. | Sulfate reducers have a wide range of cellular morphologies, including rods, vibrios, ovals, spheres and even tear-dropped or onion shaped cells. Some are motile, others are not. Most sulfate-reducing bacteria are mesophilic, but a few thermophiles are known. ''Desulfosarcina variabilis'' is mesophilic, and contains bacterial core lipids (see images on left). The dominant phospholipid headgroups in ''D. variabilis'' are Phosphoethanolamine PE (48%) and Phosphoglycerol PG (33%). One study has found that ''Desulfosarcina variabilis'' solely contained n-hexadecyl ether side chains. For more information on tetraether lipids found in Archaea, click [http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/archaea/sulfolobus/sulfolobus.html#tetra here]. | ||
==<br /> Ecology<br />== | ==<br /> Ecology<br />== | ||
Revision as of 20:37, 2 June 2006
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NCBI: |
Classification
Higher order taxa:
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; delta/epsilon subdivisions; Deltaproteobacteria; Desulfobacterales; Desulfobacteraceae
Species:
Desulfosarcina variablis, Desulfosarcina sp. CME1
Description and Significance
Desulfosarcina is a sulfate-reducing bacteria, and a member of the δ-proteobacteria. Desulfosarcina is a Group II sulfate-reducing bacteria because it can can utilize acetate and other fatty acids, oxidizing them completely. Other Group II sulfate-reducers include Desulfobacterium and Desulfobacter.
Many sulfate-reducing bacteria are also members of the δ-proteobacteria, but have significant phylogenetic diversity. Despite this diversity, the analysis of their 16S rRNA has revealed that those in the δ-proteobacteria are more related to one another than to other bacteria.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria fall into over 20 separate genera and these can be classified by the types of substrates that are utilized. A convenient division is by the ability to utilize acetate as a source of electrons. Group II is described above, and Group I sulfate reducers, such as Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacula and Desulfomicrobium, are not capable of utilizing acetate. These species only partially oxidize other organic substrates to acetate and excrete it into the medium.
A third group of sulfur-reducing organisms are unable to utilize sulfate, but can reduce sulfur to sulfide. These include genera such as Desulfuromonas and Desulfurella. They utilize substrates such as acetate or ethanol and couple this to the reduction of sulfur or other electrons acceptors such as thiosulfate, sulfite or dimethyl sulfoxide. This ability is not unique to these bacteria, but is widespread among chemoheteroorganotrophic bacteria.Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Proteus are all capable of this type of reduction; and for more information on this fascinating process please click here.
Genome Structure
Though the Göttingen Genomics Laboratory has completed the genome sequences of Methanosarcina mazei, Clostridium tetani and Thermus thermophilus, and has stated that the genome of Desulfobacterium autotrophicum will also be finished soon, there is currently very little information concerning the genetics of Desulfosarcina.
Cell Structure and Metabolism
Sulfate reducers have a wide range of cellular morphologies, including rods, vibrios, ovals, spheres and even tear-dropped or onion shaped cells. Some are motile, others are not. Most sulfate-reducing bacteria are mesophilic, but a few thermophiles are known. Desulfosarcina variabilis is mesophilic, and contains bacterial core lipids (see images on left). The dominant phospholipid headgroups in D. variabilis are Phosphoethanolamine PE (48%) and Phosphoglycerol PG (33%). One study has found that Desulfosarcina variabilis solely contained n-hexadecyl ether side chains. For more information on tetraether lipids found in Archaea, click here.
Ecology
Although sulfate reduction is thought to be an anaerobic process, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are also important in aerobic environments if they can proliferate in anaerobic zones. For example, in marine sediments and in aerobic wastewater treatment systems, sulfate reduction accounts for up to 50% of the mineralization of organic matter. Furthermore, sulfate reduction strongly stimulates microbially enhanced corrosion of metals. {| width="100%" |
The Plum Island Estuary Microbial Observatory (PIMO), located at the Plum Island Estuary LTER site in coastal Massachusetts, identifies prokaryotes in salt marsh sediments and plankton and determines their role in controlling major ecosystem processes. Among SRBs identified, relatives of Desulfosarcina variabilis and Desulfobacterium anilini were found to be persistent in the sediment.
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