Mycoplasma penetrans: Difference between revisions
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==Description and significance== | ==Description and significance== | ||
Mycoplasma penetrans looks like an elongated flask and has a tip-like structure at one pole of the cell. Mycoplasma penetrans are parasitic bacteria and inhabit humans. Mycoplasma penetrans was first isolated from a urine sample from a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient. The size of the M.penetrans genome was estimated to be 1.3 Mb. It is important to have its genome sequenced because it is suggested that this organism may possess additional genetic information involved in its unique infection process. The complete nucleotide sequence of Mycoplasma penetrans HF-2 strain was determined. In the analysis of the genomic sequence, it was revealed that Mycoplasma penetrans possesses a large number of paralogous gene repertoires with chromosomal structures that allow for antigenic variation. This influences how persistent they are at infecting human hosts. | |||
Mycoplasma penetrans looks like an elongated flask and has a tip-like structure at one pole of the cell. Mycoplasma penetrans are parasitic bacteria and inhabit humans. Mycoplasma penetrans was first isolated from a urine sample from a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient. The size of the M.penetrans genome was estimated to be 1.3 Mb. It is important to have its genome sequenced because it is suggested that this organism may possess additional genetic information involved in its unique infection process. The complete nucleotide sequence of Mycoplasma penetrans HF-2 strain was determined. In the analysis of the genomic sequence, it was revealed that Mycoplasma penetrans possesses a large number of paralogous gene repertoires with chromosomal structures that allow for antigenic variation. This influences how persistent they are at infecting human hosts. | |||
==Genome structure== | ==Genome structure== | ||
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==Cell structure and metabolism== | ==Cell structure and metabolism== | ||
Mycoplasmas penetrans, like all of the other mycoplasma species do not have a cell wall and lack most of the genes that are required for nutrient metabolism. For this reason, they have adopted a parasitic lifestyle in different host organisms. They are flask-like with a tip like shape at one side of the pole. | |||
Mycoplasmas penetrans, like all of the other mycoplasma species do not have a cell wall and lack most of the genes that are required for nutrient metabolism. For this reason, they have adopted a parasitic lifestyle in different host organisms. They are flask-like with a tip like shape at one side of the pole. | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
Mycoplasma penetrans is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. Thus its interaction with humans are of a parasitic sort. | |||
Mycoplasma penetrans is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. Thus its interaction with humans are of a parasitic sort. | ==Pathology== | ||
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms. | |||
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms. | |||
So far found only in humans, Mycoplasma penetrans is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. It typically penetrates into human cells and infects humans in the urogenital and respiratory tracts. It attaches to host epithelial cells with its tip structure, the attachment organelle. Mycoplasma penetrans is particularly associated with HIV-1 infection. There are Anti-M. penetrans antibodies found in patients in the process of developing AIDS, as well as, asymptomatic HIV carriers. There is a rapid decline in CD4-positive lymphocyte counts in M.penetrans-seropositive HIV-infected individuals. There is also mitogenic effects of M. penetrans on lymphocytes. This implies that infection of Mycoplasma penetrans will deteriorate the immune system in HIV infection. Mycoplasma penetrans has also been suggested to be a cause of non-HIV related urethritis and respiratory disease. Mycoplasma penetrans was also isolated in a healthy HIV- negative patient in the form of the HF-2 strain. | So far found only in humans, Mycoplasma penetrans is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. It typically penetrates into human cells and infects humans in the urogenital and respiratory tracts. It attaches to host epithelial cells with its tip structure, the attachment organelle. Mycoplasma penetrans is particularly associated with HIV-1 infection. There are Anti-M. penetrans antibodies found in patients in the process of developing AIDS, as well as, asymptomatic HIV carriers. There is a rapid decline in CD4-positive lymphocyte counts in M.penetrans-seropositive HIV-infected individuals. There is also mitogenic effects of M. penetrans on lymphocytes. This implies that infection of Mycoplasma penetrans will deteriorate the immune system in HIV infection. Mycoplasma penetrans has also been suggested to be a cause of non-HIV related urethritis and respiratory disease. Mycoplasma penetrans was also isolated in a healthy HIV- negative patient in the form of the HF-2 strain. | ||
==Application to Biotechnology== | ==Application to Biotechnology== | ||
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==Current Research== | ==Current Research== | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
[http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/30/23/5293 Sasaki, Y., J. Ishikawa, A. Yamashita, K. Oshima, T. Kenri, K. Furuya, C. Yoshino, A. Horino, T. Shiba, T. Sasaki and M. Hattori. “The complete genomic sequence of Mycoplasma penetrans, an intracellular bacterial pathogen in humans.” “Nucleic Acids Research”. 2002. Volume 30 No. 23 5293-5300] | [http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/30/23/5293 Sasaki, Y., J. Ishikawa, A. Yamashita, K. Oshima, T. Kenri, K. Furuya, C. Yoshino, A. Horino, T. Shiba, T. Sasaki and M. Hattori. “The complete genomic sequence of Mycoplasma penetrans, an intracellular bacterial pathogen in humans.” “Nucleic Acids Research”. 2002. Volume 30 No. 23 5293-5300] | ||
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[http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/jprobs/2006/5/i03/html/pr050340p.html. Ferrer-Navarro M, Gomez A, Yanes O, Planell R, Aviles FX, Pinol J, Perez Pons JA, Querol E. “J. Proteome Res.” 2006. Volume 5 No 3, 688 -694, 2006. 10.1021/pr050340p S1535-3893(05)00340-4] | [http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/jprobs/2006/5/i03/html/pr050340p.html. Ferrer-Navarro M, Gomez A, Yanes O, Planell R, Aviles FX, Pinol J, Perez Pons JA, Querol E. “J. Proteome Res.” 2006. Volume 5 No 3, 688 -694, 2006. 10.1021/pr050340p S1535-3893(05)00340-4] | ||
[http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/185/1/231. A. Horino, Y. Sasaki, T. Sasaki, and T. Kenri. Multiple promoter inversions generate surface antigenic variation in Mycoplasma penetrans. Journal of Bacteriology. 2003. Volume 185. No. 1: 231-242] | |||
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/jprobs/2006/5/i03/html/pr050340p.html | |||
Edited by Ling Tsay, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano | Edited by Ling Tsay, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano | ||
Revision as of 01:04, 3 May 2007
Classification
Higher order taxa
Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma penetrans
Species
|
NCBI: [1] |
Mycoplasma penetrans, Mycoplasma penetrans HF-2 strain
Description and significance
Mycoplasma penetrans looks like an elongated flask and has a tip-like structure at one pole of the cell. Mycoplasma penetrans are parasitic bacteria and inhabit humans. Mycoplasma penetrans was first isolated from a urine sample from a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient. The size of the M.penetrans genome was estimated to be 1.3 Mb. It is important to have its genome sequenced because it is suggested that this organism may possess additional genetic information involved in its unique infection process. The complete nucleotide sequence of Mycoplasma penetrans HF-2 strain was determined. In the analysis of the genomic sequence, it was revealed that Mycoplasma penetrans possesses a large number of paralogous gene repertoires with chromosomal structures that allow for antigenic variation. This influences how persistent they are at infecting human hosts.
Genome structure
Shotgun sequencing was used to sequence this bacteria. The genome size of Mycoplasma penetrans HF-2 strain was sequenced to be1 358 633 bp. Mycoplasma penetrans has a single circular chromosome containing 1038 predicted coding sequences (CDSs). In addition, it has one set of rRNA genes and 30 tRNA genes.
Cell structure and metabolism
Mycoplasmas penetrans, like all of the other mycoplasma species do not have a cell wall and lack most of the genes that are required for nutrient metabolism. For this reason, they have adopted a parasitic lifestyle in different host organisms. They are flask-like with a tip like shape at one side of the pole.
Ecology
Mycoplasma penetrans is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. Thus its interaction with humans are of a parasitic sort.
Pathology
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
So far found only in humans, Mycoplasma penetrans is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. It typically penetrates into human cells and infects humans in the urogenital and respiratory tracts. It attaches to host epithelial cells with its tip structure, the attachment organelle. Mycoplasma penetrans is particularly associated with HIV-1 infection. There are Anti-M. penetrans antibodies found in patients in the process of developing AIDS, as well as, asymptomatic HIV carriers. There is a rapid decline in CD4-positive lymphocyte counts in M.penetrans-seropositive HIV-infected individuals. There is also mitogenic effects of M. penetrans on lymphocytes. This implies that infection of Mycoplasma penetrans will deteriorate the immune system in HIV infection. Mycoplasma penetrans has also been suggested to be a cause of non-HIV related urethritis and respiratory disease. Mycoplasma penetrans was also isolated in a healthy HIV- negative patient in the form of the HF-2 strain.
Application to Biotechnology
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?
Current Research
References
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/jprobs/2006/5/i03/html/pr050340p.html
Edited by Ling Tsay, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano
