Methanosarcina barkeri

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Methanosarcina barkeri

Methanosarcina barkeri. Used with permission from Dr. Huub Op den Camp of Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Classification

Higher order taxa

NCBI:    Archaea : Euryarchaeota : Methanomicrobia : Methanosarcinales : Methanosarcinaceae : Methanosarcina

Species

NCBI: Methanosarcina barkeri

Strains

NCBI: Methanosarcina barkeri str. Fusaro

Methanosarcina barkeri str. MS
Methanosarcina barkeri str. W
Methanosarcina barkeri str. 227

Description and significance

Methansoarcina barkeri is a large, spherical gram-positive anaerobe that forms packets of varying size. The cells have no flagella and are not mobile. The species have been isolated from lake mud samples, sewage sludge, and is suspected to live in the rumen of the cow. It makes its energy by fermenting small carbon sources, involving the oxidation of H2 and reducing CO2 to methane. The CO2 is produced by pathways starting with methanol, methylamaines, or acetate.

M. barkeri has a thick cell wall (500 nm) and is composed of an acid heteropolysaccharide.

Genome structure

Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro has one circular chromosome and one circular plasmid.

Chromosome

GenBank id: CP000099 Refseq id: NC_007355

Size: 4,837,408 bp (69% coding) 39% GC

3811 genes: 3606 proteins, 73 structural RNAs, 132 pseudogenes

Plasmid

GenBank id: CP000098 Refseq id: NC_007349

Size: 36,358 bp (58% coding) 33% GC

20 genes: 18 proteins, 2 pseudogenes

Cell structure and metabolism

Methanosarcina barkeri is a methanogen and produces methane from a variety of carbon sources, including CO2, acetate, and methanol. It is also an anaerobe and is very oxygen sensitive, so all of its energy production pathways involve some sort of fermentation.

Ecology

Methanosarcina barkeri is an anaerobe has been isolated from mud samples in lakes and bogs. M. barkeri also lives in the rumen of cows where it helps digest organic matter for the cow. A USA Today article has reported that up to 17% of the world's atmospheric methane comes from cows, a large majority of which would come from M. barkeri. Because methane is a green house gas and can interfere with the ozone layer, this small organism may be partially responsible for two of the major environmental crises that we have face: thinning of the ozone layer and global warming.

Pathology

Methanosarcina barkeri is an archaea and therefore causes no known diseases.

Application to Biotechnology

As a methanogen, Methanosarcina barkeri has been looked at as a source of methane (natural gas) for use as an energy source.

Current Research

Longstaff, DG and Blight, SK and Zhang, L and Green-Church, KB and Krzycki, JA. "In vivo contextual requirements for UAG translation as pyrrolysine". Molecular Microbiology. 2007. 63-1, p. 229-241.
Pyrrolysine and selenocysteine are coded by a nonstandard translation of normal stop codons. For selenocysteine, it is known that th insertion of the amino acid instead of message termination is dependent on an insertion sequence that causes the formation of secondary structure in the mRNA that favors insertion of selenocysteine. In this paper, the researchers demonstrate experimentally the requirement of a similar mechanism for pyrrolysine. This sequence, which they call the PYrroLysine Insertion Sequence (PYLIS), is located downstream and is not translated. The experiment consisted of the transfer of a pyrrolysine-containing gene from Methanosarcina barkeri to Methanosarcina acetivorans. This is not a definitive study, as other mechanisms may contribute to the insertion of pyrrolysine or termination.

Sato, T, Atomi, H, and Imanaka, T. "Archaeal Type III RuBisCOs Function in a Pathway for AMP Metabolism". Science. 2007. 315-5817, p. 1003.
Types I and II RuBisCO are found in all phototrophic organisms and are essential enzymes for the carbon fixation of the Calvin cycle. Type IV RuBisCO is found in Bacillus subtilis and is part of the Met salvage pathway. This paper describes the characterization of Type III RuBisCO, which is found only in select archaea, including Methanosarcina barkeri. It was dtermined that Type III RuBisCO catalyzes the reaction of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate to two molecules 3-phosphoglycerate, which can then enter either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. This is mediated via two other enzymes (DeoA & E2b2) which break down AMP into the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.

Chu, HM and Andrew, HJW. "Enzyme-Substrate Interactions Revealed by the Crystal Structures of the Archaeal Sulfolobus PTP-Fold Phosphatase and its Phosphopeptide Complexes". PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics. 2007. 66, p. 996-1003.
This paper describes the protein structure of a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that is important to signal transduction. This is of interest for those interested in Methanosarcina barkeri because protein phosphatases in archaea were first discovered in our favorite bug. This phosphatase was the methyltransferase activation protein, which is important for the activation of the methanol-using pathway of methanogenesis.

Ambrogelly, A, Gundllapalli, S, Herring, S, Polycarpo, C, Frauer, C, and Soll, D. "Pyrrolysine is not hardwired for cotranslational insertion at UAG codons". Proceeds of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007. 104-9, p. 3141-3146.
Pyrrolysine is encoded via a naturally encoded tRNA that acts as a termination suppressor. In addition to the tRNA, a pyrrolysine-specific tRNA synthetase must also be present for pyrrolysine incorporation. The researchers in this paper transfered the Pyl tRNA synthetase to Escherichia coli and also transfered different mutants of the tRNA gene. From this, they were able to determine which positions of the tRNA are important for termination suppression based on assays performed. In addition to identifying positions of the tRNA that when mutated reduce suppression, they also found positions that increased suppression.

Feist, AM, Scholten, JCM, Palsson, BO, Brockman, FJ, and Ideker, T. "Modeling methanogenesis with a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of Methanosarcina barkeri". Molecular Systems Biology. 2006. vol. 2-1.
"Methanogenesis is a unique way of life for a group of archaea (methanogens) that generate energy by converting simple substrates such as acetate, methanol or H2/CO2 to methane. Because of this, methanogens serve as a key component of the carbon cycle by degrading low carbon molecules in a number of anaerobic environments. The methane they produce contributes to the greenhouse effect and is a potential source of renewable energy. In addition, some methanogens can form syntrophic relationships with other microorganisms, making them an interesting target for the study of interactions between different organisms. Although many pieces of methanogenic metabolism are understood, there are still many questions to be answered about the biochemistry of methanogenesis and how these pieces work together in the context of the whole organism. To address these questions, we reconstructed a genome-scale metabolic network for one of the most versatile methanogens, Methanosarcina barkeri, and analyzed the network to determine biochemical properties of key components and methanogenic metabolism as a whole."

References

Balch, WE, Fox, GE, Magrum, LJ, Woese, CR, and Wolfe, RS. "Methanogens: Reevaluation of a Unique Biological Group". Microbiological Reviews. June 1979. p. 260-296.
Maeder DL, Anderson I, Brettin TS, Bruce DC, Gilna P, Han CS, Lapidus A, Metcalf WW, Saunders E, Tapia R, Sowers KR. "The Methanosarcina barkeri Genome: Comparative Analysis with ...". Journal of Bacteriology. 2006. 188-22, p. 7922-7931.
Stadtman, TC and Barker, HA. "STUDIES ON THE METHANE FERMENTATION IX. The Origin of Methane in the Acetate and Methanol Fermentations by Methanosarcina". Journal of Bacteriology. 1951. 61-1, p. 81-86.
"Cutting cattle's methane emissions". USA Today (Magazine). June 01, 2002.
Atkins, JF and Gesteland, R. "The 22nd Amino Acid". Science. 2002. 296-5572, p. 1409-1410.
TIGR Comprehensive Microbial Resource: Methanosarcina barkeri
US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Organism Detail page for Methanosarcina barkeri
TIGR Comprehensive Microbial Resource: Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro Genome Page

Edited by Ian Kerman, a student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.