Lactobacillus acidophilus

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Lactobacillus acidophilus

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillaceae; Lactobacillus

Species

L. acidophilus

NCBI: TaxonomyGenome

Strains

Laboratory: NCFM, 4962, CNRZ216, CNRZ218

Human: HA1, HA2, HA3, HM2, HM6

Pig: PA3, PA12, PA19, P18, P47

Chicken: C1, C2, C3, C7, C11

Description and Significance

In general, Lactobacilli is the largest genus of the lactic acid bacteria group and includes over 50 species. Lactobacilli commonly inhabit the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, oral, and vaginal regions of humans and animals. Lactobacilli have many important roles in industry. They contribute to the production of some cheeses, yogurt, and other products. The lactic acid produced by Lactobacilli inhibits the growth of other organisms and lowers the pH of the product in these products. The starter cultures for such products are carefully cultivated and maintained because their metabolic end products contribute to the flavor of the final food product. Additionally, some of Lactobacilli's metabolic reactions are intentionally manipulated to breakdown milk proteins during cheese production.

Early studies of L. acidophilus were performed on strains isolated from fecal material of humans, pigs and chickens. Since then L. acidophilus has been further characterized as a short Gram-positive rod (2-10μm), is homofermentative and has optimal growth at temperatures of 37˚C-42˚C. Of the Lactobacillus species, L. acidophilus is the most well known and is commercially distributed as a probiotic. The World Health Organization defines a probiotic as "live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host". (see Application). (1)

Further isolation and investigation into the physiological, biochemical, genetic, and fermentative properties have been widely explored in both humans and animals. The L. acidophilus strain, NCFM, was isolated from a human in 1970 and characterized at North Carolina State University. NCFM has been commercially available in the United States as a probiotic strain since the mid-1970s. NCFM is also used for formula, yogurt and fluid milk production. (2)

Genome structure

The complete circular genome of the NCFM strain of L. acidophilus contains 1,993,564 nucleotides. The DNA GC content was determined to be 34.71%. There are 1,864 open reading frames (ORFs) and 72.5% have been classified functionally. (2)

L. acidophilus NCFM contains no plasmids. (2)

Cell structure and metabolism

L. acidophilus grows in low pH (<3.5), anaerobic conditions and undergoes fermentation only. (3)

In 1999, an H⁺ induced ATPase was identified in L. acidophilus. Based on primary structure and the genetic organization, it was further classified as a F₁F₀-type ATPase. Its similarity to the streptococcal ATPase and the H⁺ inducibility of the operon suggests that it is responsible for an ATP-dependent exclusion of protons in order to maintain cytoplasmic pH (~7). (3)

L. acidophilus lack cytochromes, porphyrins, and respiratory enzymes and as a result are unable to undergo any oxidative phosphorylation or respiration. Because they utilize sugars as their substrates for fermentation, they inhabit environments with high sugar abundance, such as the GI tract in humans and animals. More specifially, L. acidophilus is homofermentative which means that the only byproduct it forms from fermentation is lactic acid. For every one glucose molecule that undergoes fermentation in L. acidophilus, the energy yield is two ATPs. As a result, homofermentative microbes must catabolize large amounts of substrate to generate enough energy for growth. In addition to glucose, L. acidophilus utilizes aesculin, cellobiose, galactose, lactose, maltose, salicin, sucrose, and trehalose for fermentation.

Application

L. acidophilus is best known as a probiotic. The exact mechanism of the probiotic effect is still under investigation. (see Current Research)

Adherence and colonization is one of many suggested mechanisms responsible for the probiotic effect of L. acidophilus. Adherence and colonization of the intestinal epithelium can act in two ways: (1) competition for space on the epithelium and (2) interaction with enterocytes. There is some evidence that L. acidophilus NCFM has the ability to adhere through a protein mediated mechanism. (see Current Research) After L. acidophilus has colonized the GI tract, as a probiotic bacteria it has the potential to influence the existing microbial population in favor of the host's health. (4)

Antimicrobial activity is considered an important mechanism by which probiotic bacteria act to inhibit a range of microbes that have potentially detrimental effects. It is suggested that L. acidophilus produces bacteriocins (proteins that are active against other bacteria). This specific mechanism is currently being researched (see Current Research). (4)

L. acidophilus has been suggested as a supplement for lactose intolerant individuals. When taken orally and in sufficient dosages, there is evidence for a decrease in symptoms of lactose maldigestion. Presumably, the L. acidophilus colonizes the GI tract and contributes to the metabolism of lactose during digestion and transit through the GI tract. (4)

References

1. Gilliland, S.E., Speck M.L. and Morgan, C.G. "The Detection of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Feces of Humans, Pigs and Chickens". Applied Microbiology. October 1975. Pages 541-545.

2. Altermann, E., Russell, W.M., Azcarate-Peril, M.A., et al. "Complete genome sequence of the probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 2005. Volume 102. No. 11.

3. Kullen, MJ and Klaenhammer, T.R. "Identification of the pH-inducible, proton-translocating F₁F₀ATPase (atpBEFHAGDC) operon of Lactobacillus acidophilus by differential disply; gene structure, cloning and characterization". Molecular Biology. 1999. Volume 33. Pages 1152-1161.

4. Sanders, M.E. and Klaenhammer, T.R. "The Scientific Basis of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM Functionally as a Probiotic". Journal of Dairy Sciences. 2001. Volume 84. Pages 319-331.

Edited by Jennifer B. Samore, student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano