Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Classification

Higher order taxa

Archaea; Crenarchaeota; Thermoprotei; Sulfolobales; Sulfolobaceae; Sulfolobus

Species

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Description and significance

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is an aerobic thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon which grows optimally at 80°C and pH 2 in terrestrial solfataric springs. [1] They are primarily an aquatic organism; highly abundance in sulfur-rich hot acid springs in Yellowstone National Park. Sulfolobus are likely to be present in most hot springs [6]. The strictly aerobic organism also establish itself in hot acid soils at temperatures 55-85°C. [3] Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is responsible for the oxidation of sulfur in sulfuric acid production and the existence of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. [3]

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius strain DSM639, the type strain of the archaeal genus Sulfolobus, was the first hyperthermoacidophile to be characterized from terrestrial solfataras. [1] They serve as a model organism for the Phylum Crenarchaeota and has been used for many studies in archaeal biology.

Genome structure

Shotgun sequencing was used to map the genome for Sulfolobus acidocaldarious strain DSM639. The circular genome was sequence to carry 2,225,950 bp (37% G+C), with 2,292 predicted protein encoding genes [1]. Within the 2,292 protein encoding genes, 305 are exclusive to Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and 866 genes are specific to Genus Sulfolobus[1].

133 short genes were identified by comparing all DNA sequence analysis with the other Sulfolobus genomes [1]. The 133 shorter genes appeared in multiple copies, there is a total of 95 different genes [1]. Inteins were not found [1].

Cell structure and metabolism

Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.

Ecology

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius are abundant in Yellowstone Park’s sulfur-rich hot acid springs at temperature 70-80°C [1]. They occur in high numbers attaching to the surface of sulfur crystals [3]. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius oxidizes sulfur to sulfuric acid and they are responsible for the sulfuric acid concentration in the aquatic enviornment [3]. Such acidic conditions do not allow for organism interactions in nature.

When acidic springs are absent, solfatara soils and mud pots (due to the microbial oxidation of sulfuric acid) are heated by rising streams to various temperatures [3]. Solfatara soils is the home to Thiobacillus thiooxidans, as well as Sulfolobus acidocaldarius [3]. Both of these organisms are found in a pH range of 0.9-5.9, however, temperature plays the role in their separation. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is found only at temperatures 55 °C and above, whereas Thiobacillus thiooxidans resides in soil below 55 °C. The thermoacidophile isolates itself in its optimal environments.

Pathology

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is currently not known to cause any human diseases.

Sulfolobus is a host to lysogenic viruses. The viruses infect Sulfolobus to survive in the extremely acidic environment. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, strain B12, harbors a double-stranded DNA species both as a plasmid and in a linear form, and produces virus-like particles, SAV 1, upon Ultraviolet radiation [7]. The host cell recovers and remains lysogenic after the viral production, virus is thus release into nature [7].

Application to Biotechnology

Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?

Current Research

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References

1. Lanming Chen, Kim Brügger, Marie Skovgaard, Peter Redder, Qunxin She, Elfar Torarinsson, Bo Greve, Mariana Awayez, Arne Zibat, Hans-Peter Klenk, and Roger A. Garrett. “The Genome of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, A Model Organism of the Crenarchaeota”. Journal of Bacteriology, July 2005. 187(14):. p. 4992–4999. [1]

2. Paul Lewus and Roseanne M. Ford. “Temperature-Sensitive Motility of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Influences Population Distribution in Extreme Environments”. Journal of Bacteriology. July 1999. 181(13): 4020–4025. [2]

3. Carl B. Fliermans and Thomas D. Brock. “Ecology of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria in Hot Acid Soils”. Journal of Bacteriology, Aug 1972. p. 343-350. [3]

4. Anders F Andersson, Magnus Lundgren, Stefan Eriksson, Magnus Rosenlund, Rolf Bernander, and Peter Nilsson. “Global analysis of mRNA stability in the archaeon Sulfolobus”. Genome Biology. 2006; 7(10): R99. [4]

5. Silvia Berkner, Dennis Grogan, Sonja-Verena Albers, and Georg Lipps. “Small multicopy, non-integrative shuttle vectors based on the plasmid pRN1 for Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and Sulfolobus solfataricus, model organisms of the (cren-)archaea”. Nucleic Acids Research. 2007 June; 35(12): e88. [5]

6. George Rice, Kenneth Stedman, Jamie Snyder, Blake Wiedenheft, Debbie Willits, Susan Brumfield, Timothy McDermott, and Mark J. Young. "Viruses from extreme thermal environments". Proceedings National Academy of Sciences of the Unites States of America. 2001 November 6; 98(23): 13341–13345. [6]

7. Andrea Martin, Siobhan Yeats, Davorin Janekovic, Wolf-Dieter Reiter, Wilhelm Aicher, and Wolfram Zillig. "SAV 1, A Temperate U.V.-Inducible DNA virus-like particle from the Archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius isolate B12". The EMBO Journal vol.3 no.9 pp.2165-2168, 1984. [7]

8. NCBI Taxonomy Broswer. "Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639". [8]

Edited by Fanny Wong of Rachel Larsen