Spoiled meat niche

Description of Niche

Physical Conditions?

What are the conditions in your niche? Temperature, pressure, pH, moisture, etc.

Influence by Adjacent Communities (if any)

Is your niche close to another niche or influenced by another community of organisms?

Conditions under which the environment changes

Do any of the physical conditions change? Are there chemicals, other organisms, nutrients, etc. that might change the community of your niche.

Who lives there?

Which microbes are present?

Brochotrix thermosphacta

Carnobacterium

Clostridium [[1]]
Clostridium is a rod-shaped cell with a gram-positive membrane. These microbes are anaerobes and some are toxin-producing pathogens. Some of them produce acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and organic acids. This bacterium can go through spore formation for survival. Clostridium produces large amounts of gas in packaged meat. It is usually coupled up with foul odors and causes the package to appear in a blown pack. [JT5] The toxin produced by this bacterium can do harm and help heal. So far this toxin has helped treat dystonias (neurologic diseases involved abnormal muscle posture and tension), urinary bladder muscle relaxation, esophageal sphincter muscle relaxation, and tics. However at the same time, the toxin released can cause botulism poisoning. Proteolytic strains of toxin is produced at around 35°C and for nonproteolytic strains, they can grow in environments of 26-28°C. Toxin produced from bacterium will cause botulism which is food poisoning that will lead to muscle paralysis. [JT6]

Enterobacterium

Lactobacillus [[2]]

Leuconostoc [[3]]
Leuconostoc is one of the lactic acid bacteria; it produces D-lactate and ethanol. This group of microbe is responsible for the discoloration, gas production, and buttery smell of spoiled meat. [JT2] The genus Leuconostoc is described as being spherical cells that is gram-positive and often lenticular on agar. This bacterium grows optimally in an environment of 20-30°C. However, they also require a rich and complex media for growth. A rich and complex media includes nicotinic acid, thiamin, biotin, and pantothenic acid. For energy, they are heterofermentatives, which means they use a combination of pentose phosphate and phosphoketolase pathways. This microbe cannot go through spore formation for survive. They fall under the facultative anaerobic category, which means they can live in an environment with or without oxygen. Leuconostoc was originally placed into Streptococcaceae bacteria family as mentioned in Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. However, in 1986, the Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology moved Leuconostoc from the Streptococcaceae family into the Deinococcaceae family. [JT4]

Pseudomonas [[4]]

Shewanella putrefaciens

Do the microbes change their environment?

Brochothrix thermosphacta, Carnobacterium spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella putrefaciens and Weissella spp. work together to create the spoiled meat profile: discoloration, gas production, slime production, decrease in pH, and sour off-flavor. [JT2]

Leuconostoc produces H2O2, which gives spoiled meat its green discoloration. [JT7]

Clostridium work with lactic acid bacteria [Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc] to produce large amounts of gas (H2 and CO2) which is accompanied by a foul odor. [JT2]

Do the microbes carry out any metabolism that affects their environment?

Do they ferment sugars to produce acid, break down large molecules, fix nitrogen, etc. etc.

Clostridium can perform nitrogen fixation. Clostridium can go through fermentation of carbon sources to produce acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and organic acids. [JT5]

Leuconostoc produces ammonia by the use to bacterial deamination of amino acid and the production of ammonia will lead to a decrease in acidity. The process it takes to produce H2O2 involves the oxidation of nitrosohaemochrome to choleomyoglobin. [JT7]

Current Research

In lactic acid bacteria associated with vacuum-packed cooked meat product spoilage: population analysis by rDNA-based methods (2006), investigators aimed to research and find which lactic acid bacteria was involved in the spoilaged of vacuum packaged cooked meat products. They did this by studying different samples of bacteria within 4 meat products, some of which had spoilage symptons, some that did not. Colonies of these were then grown on yeast glucose lactose peptone and trypticase soy yeast plates, and where then identifived via internal spacer region. The study found that Leuc. Mesenteroides was the main spoilage agent within vacuum packaged meats. The significance of this study was to determine what organisms to look for to prevent the spoilage of vacuum packaged meats. [1]

Development of a Microbial Model for the Combined Effect of Temperature and pH on Spoilage of Ground Meat, and Validation of the Model under Dynamic Temperature Conditions (2005). The study aimed at using microbiological and sensory analysis to predict spoilage of aerobic stored ground meat. Under aerobic conditions, samples of ground meat (beef and pork) were analyzed for changes in their appearances, smells and microbes composition at certain ranges of pH (5.34-6.13) and temperature (0-20 Celcius). As observed, pseudomonads were the predominant bacteria isolated from these samples. In addition, it was also detected that the changes in pseudonomads populations is proportional to the sensory changes. Thus,it can be concluded that microbiological and sensory analysis can be used as a “good index for spoilage of aerobically stored ground meat”. Following this type of model, the meat industry can benefit from by running more “effective management systems, which will optimize the quality of meat products”. [3 JN]

References

[1] Chenoll, E., Macian, M., Elizaquivel, P., Aznar, R. "Lactic Acid Bacteria Associated with Vacuum-packed Cooked Meat Product Spoilage: Population Analysis by rDNA-based Methods". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2006. Volume 102. p. 498-508.

[2] Borch, E., Kant-Muermans, M., Blixt, Y. "Bacterial Spoilage of Meat and Cured Meat Products". International Journal of Food Microbiology". 1996. Volume 33. p. 103-120.

[3] Koutsoumanis, K., A. Stamatiou, P. Skandamis, and G.-J. E. Nychas. "Development of a Microbial Model for the Combined Effect of Temperature and pH on Spoilage of Ground Meat, and Validation of the Model under Dynamic Temperature Conditions". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2005. Volume 72. p. 124-134.

[4] Thunel, R. "Taxonomy of the Leuconostocs" Journal of Dairy Science. 1995. Volume 78. no. 11. P. 2514-2522

[5] Nolling J., Breton G., Omelchenko M.V., Makarova K. S., Zeng Q., Gibson R., Lee H. M., Dubois J., Qui D., Hitti J., Wolf Y. I., Tatusov R. L., Sabathe F., Doucette-Stamm L., Soucaille P., Daly M.J., Bennett G.N., Koonin E. V., Smith D. R. "Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum". Journal of Bacteriology. 2001 Volume 183. no. 16. p. 4823-38.

[6] Vangelova, L. “Botulinum Toxin: A Poison That Can Heal”. FDA Consumer Magazine. 1995.

[7] [Koort, J., Murros, A., Coenye, T., Eerola, S., Vandamme, P., Sukura, A., Bjorkroth, J. “Lactobacillus oligofermentans sp. Nov., Associated with Spoilage Modified-Atmosphere-Packaged Poultry Products”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2005. Volume 71. No 8. p. 4400-4406]

[8] Jorngen J. Leisner, B. G. Laursen, H. Prevost, D. Drider, and P. Dalgaard. 2007. Carnobacterium: Positive and Negative Effects in the Environment and in Foods. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 31: 592-613.

[9] Weigand I., H. K. Geiss, D. Mack, E. Sturenburg, and H. Seifert. 2007. Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae by Use of Semiautomated Microbiology Systems and Manual Detection Procedures. Journal of Clinical Microbiol. 45: 1167-1174.

Edited by [Steven Lee , Jade Nguyen , Ngoc-minh Nguyen , Sarah Paek , June Tse , Amy Vo], students of Rachel Larsen