Dinoflagellata

NCBI: Taxonomy Genome

File:02.gif
Dinophysis acuminata. Kraberg et. al., The Harmful Phytoplankton in UK Waters.

Classification

Higher order taxa

Eukaryota; Alveolata

Species:

Dinophysis acuminata
Dissodinium pseudolunula
Pyrocystis lunula '

Description and Significance

There are roughly 2,000 known species of Dinoflagellata. They are unique organisms because although they are usually treated as plants, dinoflagellates assume some animal characteristics, such as preying on smaller organisms for food.

Genome Structure

There is not yet an extensive body of research on most dinoflagellate species.

Cell Structure and Metabolism

Diagram of life cycle. University College London Micropalaeontology Unit

Because they are photosynthetic, dinoflagellates contain chloroplasts. Most species have two flagella, which are shed if the organism forms a cyst. Dinoflagellates contain cholorophyll a and chlorophyll c2. Dinoflagellata have two forms: armored (with thecal plates) and naked. Some species are bioluminescent, meaning that they can produce their own light, similar to fireflies. During periods of environmental stress, dinoflagellates form cysts. The most common dinoflagellate fossils are those in cyst form. However, some of the species have cyst cell walls made of cellulose, which does not fossilize. Those that do fossilize typically have walls made of a material similar to sporopollenin.

There are three types of dinoflagellate cysts: resting, temporary, and vegetative. Resting cysts result from sexual fusion, and are termed hypnozygotes. Dinoflagellates appearing as resting cysts are dormant. The temporary cyst is formed under adverse conditions. The cyst will split and new flagella will form when the environment improves. Unlike resting or temporary cysts, vegetative cysts are metabolically active. They may also be reproductively active. In some dinoflagellates, such as Blastodinium and Symbiodinium species, the vegetative cyst is the principal life cycle stage.

Most dinoflagellate species are at least partially photosynthetic. Some heterotrophic species are parasitic, obtaining nutrients through a host.

One type of life cycle is the haplontic stage, which contains vegetative haploid cells. This cell reproduces asexually. In this cycle, the only diploid cell is the zygote. There is also a diplontic life cycle, with vegetative diploid cells and sexual reproduction. Only the gametes are haploid. Finally, there is a diplohaplontic cycle, which alternates between diploid and haploid (sexual and asexual) generations. The haplontic stage is the most common, but there are exceptions, and all three can be found within this phylum. The more complex life cycles occur among parasitic or symbiotic species. It is common during asexual reproduction for the parent cell to shed part or all of its cell wall.

Ecology

Dinoflagellates can be found in all aquatic environments, but are most common in marine areas. A small number of species can be found in snow or wet sand. Dinoflagellates can be harmful to humans. Their toxins attack the neurological system, causing illnesses such as Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, and Possible Estuarine Associated Syndrome. Two of the most infamous genera are Alexandrium and Pfiesteria. However, the toxins that Dinoflagellata produce can also have medical benefits. For example, the paralyzing phototoxin Gonyautoxin has been shown to heal anal fissures.

Apectodinium homomorphum. University College London Micropalaeontology Unit.

References

Chaal, BK and BR Green. "Protein import pathways in 'complex' chloroplasts derived from secondary endosymbiosis involving a red algal ancestor." Plant Mol Biol. 2005 Feb;57(3):333-42.

Clowes, Chris. ""Dinoflagellata (Dinozoa)." Palaeos: The Trace of Life on Earth. Accessed 6 July 2005.

Friedman, MA and BE Levin." Neurobehavioral effects of harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins: a critical review." J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005 May;11(3):331-8.

Garrido R, N Lagos, K Lattes, M Abedrapo, G Bocic, A Cuneo, H Chiong, C Jensen, R Azolas, A Henriquez, and C Garcia. "Gonyautoxin: new treatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures." Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Feb;48(2):335-40; discussion 340-3.

Kraberg, A, DJS Montagnes, K Kennington, RG Hartnoll. The Harmful Phytoplankton in UK Waters.

University College London Micropalaeontology Unit.

Waggoner, Ben and Brian Speer. "Dinoflagellata: Fossil Record." Accessed 6 July 2005.

Waggoner, Ben and Brian Speer. "Introduction to the Dinoflagellata." Accessed 6 July 2005.