Amphibacillus xylanus: Difference between revisions
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<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Genome_Structure">Genome Structure</span></h2> | <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Genome_Structure">Genome Structure</span></h2> | ||
It has been found that Amphibacillus xylanus is not related to representative species of the genera bacillus, which include clostridium and sporolactobacillus. In fact, little of its genome has matched any other bacterium. | The sequencing of the Amphibacillus xylanus genome was completed in October, 2012 and it is under review for publishing, but the sequence can be found [a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AP012050.1" here]. Amphibacillus xylanus has a circular genome with 2569486 nucleotides. Within the genome there is approximately 2411 protein genes and 78 RNA genes. It has been found that Amphibacillus xylanus is not related to representative species of the genera bacillus, which include clostridium and sporolactobacillus. In fact, little of its genome has matched any other bacterium. | ||
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cell_Structure.2C_Metabolism_and_Life_Cycle">Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></h2> | <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cell_Structure.2C_Metabolism_and_Life_Cycle">Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></h2> | ||
Revision as of 14:55, 8 April 2013
Classification
- Kingdom - Bacteria
- Phylum - Firmicutes
- Class - Bacilli
- Order - Bacillales
- Family - Bacillaceae
- Genus - Amphibacillus
Species
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NCBI: Taxonomy |
Amphibacillus xylanus
Description and Significance
Amphibacillus xylanus is a Gram positive, spore-forming, and chemoorganotrophic bacterium that was isolated from composts of manure with grass and rice straw. They are also facultative anaerobic organism that can grow in several different environments. However, it lacks cytochrome, quinone, and catalase. This helps explain the method of metabolism that Amphibacillus xylanus relies on.
Amphibacillus xylanus is also flagellated and motile, and it maintains many of the characteristics known to Amphibacillus. For example, the cells are rod-shaped and are 0.3 to 0.5 micrometers in diameter and are 0.9 to 1.9 micrometers long. The spores are oval in shape and heat resistant. The sporangia where the spores are formed are lysed and the spores are then released. These spores are formed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Amphibacillus xylanus does not grow in nutrient broth, but it produces ethanol, acetic acid, and formic acid under anaerobic conditions and acetic acid under aerobic conditions from glucose. When colonies are grown on glucose agar, the colonies are small, circular, smooth, convex, entire, and white after only one day of incubation.
The microorganism grows ideally at pH values between 8 and 10, but it cannot grow at pH 7. The bacterium also contains a considerable amount of saturated straight-chain fatty acids, and little of its genome matched the genome of other bacterium.
Genome Structure
The sequencing of the Amphibacillus xylanus genome was completed in October, 2012 and it is under review for publishing, but the sequence can be found [a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AP012050.1" here]. Amphibacillus xylanus has a circular genome with 2569486 nucleotides. Within the genome there is approximately 2411 protein genes and 78 RNA genes. It has been found that Amphibacillus xylanus is not related to representative species of the genera bacillus, which include clostridium and sporolactobacillus. In fact, little of its genome has matched any other bacterium.
Metabolism and Life Cycle
Amphibacillus xylanus is distinct due to its multiple metabolic pathways. It is capable of digesting xylan aerobically and anaerobically. In anaerobic cultures, the reducing agent was titanium (III) citrate and the fermentation product of the reaction was formic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol. Therefore, under anaerobic conditions, Amphibacillus xylanus is a heterofermentor. This means that the bacterium produces more than one major end product. Under aerobic conditions, the reducing agent was shaking and the fermentation product was found to be acetic acid. One of the bioenergetics properties of Amphibacillus xylanus is the fact that the flavoprotein NADH oxidase from Amphibacillus xylanus consumes oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide. Typically, a microorganism would utilize a cytochrome system to consume oxygen, but since Amphibacillus xylanus does not have a respiratory system available, it instead utilizes NADH oxidase. However, the use of NADH oxidase explains how the microbe can grow effectively in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Furthermore, it is believed that NADH is in control of the intracellular redox balance of the cell under aerobic conditions. Despite the fact that Amphibacillus xylanus lacks a respiratory system and hemeproteins, catalase, and peroxidase, it is still able to grow efficiently and it has the same growth rate under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. It is able to do so because it has aerobic and anaerobic pathways that produce similar amounts of ATP.
Ecology and Pathogenesis
Amphibacillus xylanus was first isolated from alkaline compost of manure with grass and rice straw and it can survive in a variety of environments because of its multiple metabolic pathways. It is a chemoorganotroph and can be found in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions because it is a facultative anaerobic organism. Even though Amphibacillus xylanus does not have a respiratory chain, the microbe has the same cell growth rate and cell yield under both strict anaerobic and aerobic conditions. This is because similar high amounts of ATP are produced under both conditions. Despite the microbe’s ability to grow equally in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, Amphibacillus xylanus requires other environmental conditions in order to survive and grow in a habitat. First, Amphibacillus xylanus can grow in temperatures between 25 ° C and 45 ° C. However, it cannot grow at a temperature of 50 ° C and above. The microorganism can also grow in the presence of 3% NaCl, but not in the presence of 6% NaCl. The range of pH that Amphibacillus xylanus can tolerate is from pH 8 to 10. However, it cannot grow effectively at a pH of 7.
References
Author
Page authored by Lauren Jackson and Hillary Albert, students of Dr. N. Walker at Michigan State University.
