Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis
By Tomas Grant
Introduction
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Salmonella spp. are rod-shaped, flagellated, and facultative anaerobic bacteria which belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and as apart of the phylum Proteobacteria are Gram-negative. The genus Salmonella consists of two species S. enterica and S. bongori , the majority of the diversity lies within the more than 2,600 servovars of the species S. enterica . The three main servers within this species are (1) S. typhi, the cause of systemic infections and typhoid fever, (2) S. Enteritidis, a major food cause of food poisoning associated with poultry farming, and (3) S. typhimurium, which is not fatal in humans, but may cause gastroenteritis, but also more serious cases including septicemia, meningitis, and subnormal empyema. (Rabsch et, al, “The Zoonotic agent Salmonellosis).
Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodbourne diseases and can be caused by the various serovars of the species S. enterica , and is found worldwide, causing 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis and over 155,00 deaths annually worldwide (Noellie et el 2014). Understanding the pathology of foodbourne Salmonellosis is important however, there is an increasing concern for Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis (REPAS ), in which Salmonella serovars act as major zoonotic agents of infection through direct or indirect animal contact in people’s homes, veterinary clinics, farms, zoological gardens, and other professional, public and private settings. (Rabsch et, al, “The Zoonotic agent Salmonellosis) . There are a number of reports that describe the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in reptiles ranging from lizards, snakes, and turtles, and multiple serovars have been identified and shown to be associated with each of these organisms (Sylvester et al, 2014). (INSERT) Figure showing prevalence of Salmonella by Species
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Classification
Higher order taxa:
Kingdom:Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Order: Gammaproteobacteria
Suborder: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Salmonella
Species:
Salmonella enterica subsp. I serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium LT2), S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi CT18), S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi Ty2 (S. typhi Ty2)
NCBI: Taxonomy Genome: S. typhi CT18 S. typhi Ty2 S. typhimurium|}Epidemiology
Transmission of Salmonella
Pathology and Immune Response
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Risks Associated With S. enterica infections
Diversity of Serovars
Antibiotic Resistance and Health Risks
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Disease Prevention Measures
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References
[1] Fàbrega, Anna, and Jordi Vila. "Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Skills to Succeed in the Host: Virulence and Regulation." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.2 (2013): 308-41.
Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2015, Kenyon College.