Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Classification
Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinomycetia; Actinomycetales; Actinomycetaceae
Species
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NCBI: [1] |
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Description and Significance
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum is an important human and animal pathogen that is gram-positive and a facultative anaerobe (Vu & Rajnik, 2022). It appears to be a branching bacillus bacteria (Vu & Rajnik, 2022). From swabs and cultures done from swabs, it seems that even in healthy individuals (both human and animal) Arcanobacterium haemolyticum can be found on the skin and pharynx normally (Vu & Rajnik, 2022). As an obligate parasite, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum has been known to cause pharyngitis and skin lesions on some individuals, particularly adolescents and elderly patients (Vu & Rajnik, 2022), which makes it an important microbe to understand.
Genome Structure
The genome of strain 110108T, which is the type strain of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, is a circular chromosome that is 1,986,154 bp long. 87.2% of the genome is DNA coding (1,744,192 bp), and the GC content of the genome is 53.13% (1,055,308 bp). The genome of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum codes for a total of 1,885 genes, with 64 of those being RNA genes and the other 1,821 genes being protein encoding genes (Yasawong et al., 2010).
Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum is a Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic bacteria that has two subtypes: rough and smooth (Ruther et al., 2015). The smooth subtype has smooth colonyn edges, and the rough subtype has rough colony edges (Ruther et al., 2015). Arcanobacterium haemolyticum produces Arcanolysin and phospholipase D which are both virulence factors (Gellings & McGee, 2018).
- Need more and am still working on this section****
Ecology and Pathogenesis
Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
As previously mentioned, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum has been found on the throat as well as on the skin, but the full extent of its habitat is not well understood (Microbe Canvas). Because it is part of the normal microbiome of humans, it can be difficult to determine if it is the pathogen causing the disease in many cases (Vu & Rajnik, 2022).
References
Yasawong, M., Teshima, H., Lapidus, A., Nolan, M., Lucas, S., Glavina Del Rio, T., Tice, H., Cheng, J. F., Bruce, D., Detter, C., Tapia, R., Han, C., Goodwin, L., Pitluck, S., Liolios, K., Ivanova, N., Mavromatis, K., Mikhailova, N., Pati, A., Chen, A., … Klenk, H. P. (2010). Complete genome sequence of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum type strain (11018). Standards in genomic sciences, 3(2), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.4056/sigs.1123072
Vu MLD, Rajnik M. Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum. [Updated 2022 Jul 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560927/
Gellings, P. S., & McGee, D. J. (2018). Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Phospholipase D Enzymatic Activity Promotes the Hemolytic Activity of the Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin Arcanolysin. Toxins, 10(6), 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10060213
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0137346
Author
Page authored by Madison Sadler, student of Prof. Bradley Tolar at UNC Wilmington.
