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Sarah Vanderlinde Bench B 31/08/2016

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; FCB group (Fibrobactere-Chlorobi-Bacteroidetes superphylum); Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidales; Porphyromonadaceae; Porphyromonas

Species

Porphyromonas gingivalis, Strain W83

Description and significance

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram negative, rod shaped bacterium typically found in the subgingival niche of people suffering from periodontal disease [1]. H. Werner first isolated strain W83 in the 1950s (Bonn, Germany) from an unknown oral disease sample [4]. P. gingivalis is a prominent and typically commensal member of the oral microbiome however under certain conditions can for a complex with other oral pathogens to produce periodontal lesions [2]. Periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease characterized by initial inflammation of gingival tissue and if left untreated, the eventual destruction of tooth-supporting structures and loss of teeth [1]. The World Health Association have stated that 10-15% of the global population suffer from periodontitis, making the study and potential targeting of its causative bacteria an essential field of biomedical research [3].

Genome structure

P. gingivalis strain W83 has a circular genome, 2,343,479 bp in length with an average GC content of 48.3% [4]. It contains 1,990 identified open reading frames (ORFs) (85% of the genome), 54% of which were determined to have biological roles. The P. gingivalis genome has four ribosomal operons (5S-23S-tRNAAla-tRNAIle-16S), 2 structural RNA genes and 53 tRNA genes with specificity for all 20 amino acids [4]. Approximately 6% of the genome consists of repetitive elements including DNA repeats and transposable elements. DNA repeats consisted of uninterrupted direct repeats and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Strain W83 does not appear to contain other classes of repetitive elements such as ERIC and REP [4].

Cell structure and metabolism

Cell wall, biofilm formation, motility, metabolic functions.

Ecology

P. gingivalis is an obligate anaerobe typically found in the subgingival sulcus of the human oral cavity. It is able to survive in the deep periodontal pocket due to its ability to ferment amino acids for energy production [1]. P. gingivalis is a secondary coloniser in dental plaque formation, often adhering to primary colonisers such as Streptococci and Actinomyces naeslundii [4]. As well as in the oral cavity, P. gingivalis has been found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, colon and women with bacterial vaginosis [5].

Pathology

Do these microorganisms cause disease in the oral cavity or elsewhere?

Application to biotechnology

Bioengineering, biotechnologically relevant enzyme/compound production, drug targets,…

Current research

Summarise some of the most recent discoveries regarding this species.

References

1. How, K. Y., Song, K. P., and Chan, K. G. (2016).Porphyromonas gingivalis: An Overview of Periodontopathic Pathogen below the Gum Line. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 53.

2. Mysak, J., Podzimek, S., Sommerova, P., Lyuya-Mi, Y., Bartoya, J., Janatova, T., Prochazkova, J and Duskova, J. 2014 Porphyromonas gingivalis: Major Periodontopathic Pathogen Overview. Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2014, Article ID 476068, 8 pages. doi:10.1155/2014/476068

3. Petersen P. E. and Ogawa H. (2012) The global burden of periodontal disease: towards integration with chronic disease prevention and control. Periodontology, 2000 15–39. 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00425.x

4. Nelson, K. E., Fleischmann, R. D., DeBoy, R. T., Paulsen, I. T., Fouts, D. E., Eisen, J. A. and Fraser, C. M. (2003) Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Pathogenic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis Strain W83. Journal of Bacteriology, 185(18), 5591–5601. http://doi.org/10.1128/JB.185.18.5591-5601.2003

5. Africa, C., Nel, J. and Stemmet, M. (2014) Anaerobes and Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy: Virulence Factors Contributing to Vaginal Colonisation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7, 11, 6979–7000. doi:10.3390/ijerph110706979

6. Datta, H. K., Ng, W. F., Walker, J. A., Tuck, S. P. and Varanasi, S. S. (2008) The cell biology of bone metabolism. J. Clin. Pathol. 61 577–587. 10.1136/jcp.2007.048868

7. Lin, X., Wu, J and Xie, H. (2006) Porphyromonas gingivalis minor fimbriae are required for cell-cell interactions. Infection and Immunity, 74, 10, 6011–6015.

8. Kharlamova, N., Sherina, N., Quirke, A. M. and Eriksson, K. (2014) A6.8 Elevated antibody levels to porphyromonas gingivalis detected in rheumatoid arthritis patients with a specific anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibody profile. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 1, 73, A73–A74.

This page is written by Sarah Vanderlinde for the MICR3004 course, Semester 2, 2016