Bordetella pertussis and the Importance of Vaccination

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Introduction and History

This illustration depicts a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated image, of a group of Gram-positive, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) bacteria. The photo credit for this image belongs to Alissa Eckert, who is a medical illustrator at the CDC.


By Alexandra White

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Vaccination is a widely used practice to help prevent infectious disease and commonly spread illnesses. A widely known and common vaccine is used to prevent infection of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of Whooping cough. Whooping cough is known as one of the most common infectious disease deaths in the world[1]. The disease results in over 50 million cases worldwide per year, with the majority being unvaccinated individuals present in Third World Countries[1]. B. pertussis is spread through coughing and sneezing and symptoms first appear seven to ten days after infection[2]. These symptoms include: fever, runny nose, coughing which develops into a whooping cough, and phenomena[2]. Those infected with pertussis are contagious for around three weeks once coughing is displayed as a symptom yet symptoms can last up to eight weeks[2].


B. pertussis was first discovered and isolated to be the cause of whooping cough in 1906 [1].Compared to human infectious diseases pertussis is a relatively recent human infectious disease that first appeared in France in 1414[3].The disease was identified in Paris, France in 1900 by Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou who obtained the sample from a 5-month-old child[3]. The bacteria was finally isolated in 1906 from Jules Bordet’s own son[1]. A vaccine for B. pertussis was developed in the early 1940s [4]. Before the development of the vaccine there were over 200,000 cases in the United States reported annually and with widespread use incidence has decreased 75% compared to the pre-vaccination era[4].

Bordetella pertussis and Infection Stages

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This illustration depicts a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated image, of a group of Gram-positive, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) bacteria. The photo credit for this image belongs to Alissa Eckert, who is a medical illustrator at the CDC.


B. pertussis is a gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus bacteria a part of the genus Bordetella[3]. Pertussis is a human-specific pathogen causing severe respiratory disease that cannot survive outside of its host[3]. Infection occurs with B. pertussis entering through the host airway via respiratory droplets from an already infected individual, usually from coughing [5]. B. pertussis then proceeds down the respiratory tract and adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea and nasopharynx [5]. Once the bacteria is attached it begins to replicate and colonies with-in the host cells [5]. Toxins are secreted by micro-organism which inflict damage to the epithelial lining, resulting in loss of ciliated cells which induces the coughing most commonly associated with whooping cough [5]. The pertussis toxins released also allow the bacteria to avoid host immune response by interfering with clearance mechanisms [5]. The damage caused by the toxins released by the replicating bacteria also halts ciliary function, short-circuiting host G proteins signaling apparatus, and also inhibits immune cell functions by up regulating cAMP levels [5].


B. Pertussis Vaccine History

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Vaccine Virulence

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Why Vaccination?

This graph shows the reported B. pertussis incidences for 1990-2019 by age group (per 100,00 persons). The graph shows infants less than one year old have the greatest risk for disease compared to all other age groups. [https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/surv-reporting.html

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Kerr, J.R. and Matthews, R.C."Bordetella pertussis Infection: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Management, and the Role of Protective Immunity." 2000. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease 19:77-88.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 World Health Organization: Pertussis 2018
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Guiso, N. "Bordetella pertussis and Pertussis Vaccines." 2009. Clinical infectious Diseases 49:1565-1569.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Havers et al. "Pertussis." 2021. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 1-16.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Smith, A.M et al. "The virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis: a matter of control" 2001. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 25:309-333.



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2022, Kenyon College

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