Bartonella quintana
A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Bartonella quintana
Classification
Gram-negative rod shape
Higher order taxa
Domain:Bacteria, Phylum: Proteobacteria, Class: Alpha Proteobacteria, Order: Rhizobiales, Family: Bartonellacaea
Edited by Rani Thamawatanakul, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Genus
Genus species: Bartonella Quintana
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NCBI: Taxonomy |
Edited by Rani Thamawatankul, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Description and significance
Bartonella quintana was formally classified in the Rickettsiaceae family as the obligately intracellular (cannot reproduce outside the host cell) Rochalimaea quintana (28). The difference between Rickettsia and Rochalimaea was the chemical composition in their genomic structure. Rickettsia species have a low level of guanine and cytosine (28.5 – 33.3 mol%) but Rochalimaea and Bartonella species have a higher level (39.0 – 40.0 mol%). The description of these species has increased by the availability of modern taxonomic methods. Few techniques would include DNA hybridization and 16 rRNA gene sequence comparison (4). B. quintana as opposed to related species, B. bacilliformis and B. clarrideiae that posses flagella uses a twitching movement caused by fimbriae. B.quintana is a facultative, Gram-negative bacilli belonging to 2 subgroup of proteobacteria. The dimensions of the bacterium is 0.3 – 0,5 m wide and 1-1.7 m long (7). It can be cultured in media containing blood or hemin and in a moist 5-10% carbon dioxide atmosphere at 30C to 37C (5). Because B. quintana is a slow-growing bacterium, primary isolations are available 12 to 14 days after B. quintana has been embedded and incubated in blood agar at 37C. Unfortunately, incubation periods could last as long as 45 days that is necessary for primary isolations (3). Humans are the reservoir of the bacterium but the mode of transmission comes directly from a human body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis (20). During asymptomatic period, B. quintana is located in the erythrocytes and has been detected in erythroblasts at the bone marrow (12). Also, bacillary angiomatosis infection is caused by B. quintana having an affinity for endothelial cells, leading to angioproliferative lesions (13). Currently, B. quintana is unique among bacterial pathogens it has reemerged as an opportunistic infectious agent primarily in immunocompromised patients, especially individuals suffering with HIV infection. It also causes a febrile disease among alcoholic individuals and the homeless populations in the cities in United States and Europe called “urban trench fever” (11). B. quintana infections can manifest as bacillary angiomatosis, bacillary peliosis, endocarditis, and chronic bacteremia, which could be life-threatening if these conditions occurred concurrently (7).
Edited by Rani Thamawatankul, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Genome structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?
Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 has a complete genome. It is made up of dsDNA and 1 chromosome. It is circular and the length is 2,843,201 nucleotides. The GC content is 37%. It has 2838 genes.
Replicon Type: chromosome.
Edited by Neena Patel, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Cell structure and metabolism
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
The genome reveals factors mediating coaggregation, cell signaling, and stress protection. It has a spiral shape and is arranged in singles. It is a mobile organism but does not contain any endospores. Motility is by rapid rotation around the long axis, flexation of the cell and locomotion along a helical path. The most distinctive property is the presence of periplasmic flagella wound around the helical protoplasmic cylinder and encased in an outer sheath.
Edited by Neena Patel, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Ecology
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.
Pathology
Treponema denticola is a bacterial pathogen and plant plastid. It causes periodontal disease and gum inflammation.
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
Edited by Neena Patel, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Application to Biotechnology
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?
Current Research
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required
References
example:
Edited by student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano
