Bombella apis
Classification
Bacteria; Pseudomonadota; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; Bombella
Species
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NCBI: Taxonomy |
Bombella apis
Description and Significance
Bombella apis is a gram-negative bacteria that is rod-shaped. It is a non-motile aerobic bacteria. Bombella apis can be found in the midgut of honey bees. [1]
B. apis has been cultured in Bloomington, Indiana and as far away as South Korea. [1][6]
Genome Structure
The genome size of Bombella apis is 2.01 Mb. This microbe has a GC content of 59.56%.
Bombella apis has a genome that is 2,086,308 bp long and contains 1,975 protein-coding genes. [7]
Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle
B. apis is an acetic acid bacteria, that does oxidative fermentation. It acquires nitrogen from ammonia, carbon from glucose, and energy from sugars and amino acids. B. apis has also been found to thrive in 30% glucose content. [9]
Their cells are non-motile, aerobic, and Gram-negative rods that are 1.0–2.5 µm in length and 0.5–0.6 µm wide. [1]
Ecology and Pathogenesis
Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
B. apis is found in the midgut if honey bees (Apis mellifera). [9] It occupies well-defined niches within the hive, such as, the Queen, Nurse pharyngeal glands, nurse crops, food stores, and royal jelly. It spreads as nurse bees feed other hive members. [7]
Bombella apis has been sequenced and found to be closely associated with nectar, developing honey bee larvae, and honey bee queens. [7]
Bombella apis has also been found to be able to protect themselves against phages. [7]
B. apis has been shown to inhibit A. flavus and Beauveria bassiano. The mechanism hypothesized for this inhibition is a possible secreted polyketide. All the known strains have a type 1 polyketide sythase gene cluster. This is common for many antifungal symbionts. This mechanisms has been shown to work in-vitro and in-vivo. [4]
B. apis contributes to the environment because A. mellifera is responsible for 1/3 of American food consumed. [2] They are an important pollinator that ~5% of worldwide plant species depend on and 50% use. [3] Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is a huge problem for A. mellifera that can lead to their downfall. CCD is contributed to by fungal infection. Artificial fungicides may also contribute to CCD. B. apis could be a possible counteragent in CCD. [5]
References
[1] Bombella apis JCM 31623 is an obligate aerobe, mesophilic, Gram-negative Proteobacterium that forms circular colonies and was isolated from midgut of the honey bee in South Korea, BacDive.
[2] Food and Drug Administration, Helping Agriculture’s Helpful Honey Bees.
[3] Hung et al., The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats, The Royal Society, Volume 285, Issue 1870.
[4] Miller et al., A Bacterial Symbiont Protects Honey Bees from Fungal Disease, mBio, Volume 12, Issue 3.
[5] Pettis et al., Crop Pollination Exposes Honey Bees to Pesticides Which Alters Their Susceptibility to the Gut Pathogen Nosema ceranae, PLoS One.
[6] Smith et al., Draft Genome Sequence of a Bombella apis Strain Isolated from Honey Bees, Microbiology Resource Announcements, Volume 8, Issue 47.
[7] Smith et al., Genomic Signatures of Honey Bee Association in an Acetic Acid Symbiont, Genome Biology and Evolution.
[8] Roos et al., Acetic acid bacteria in fermented foods and beverages, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Volume 49, Page 115-119.
[9] Yun et al., Bombella apis sp. nov., an acetic acid bacterium isolated from the midgut of a honey bee, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, Vol. 67, Issue 7.
Author
Page authored by Cullen Vincent, student of Prof. Jay Lennon at IndianaUniversity.
