Maladies in Honey Bees and Resistance to Varroa Mites
Introduction
Apiculture is a complex trade of raising honeybee colonies. One of the main challenges in this occupation is the many maladies that honeybees face. Throughout history, beekeepers have worked to solve the problems plaguing their bees. These solutions range from chemicals to selective breeding for bees that have a tolerance for specific parasites. One example of such maladies is the varroa mite which can be treated with chemicals but there is a new influx of keepers choosing branches of honey bees that are hardier when it comes to dealing with mites. Learning about the maladies of bees and keeping up on the new treatments discovered is an essential step for all beekeepers new and experienced. This is because when a beekeeper treats their domesticated bees for a malady, they end up helping the surrounding community of other colonies as well as native populations. Many of these diseases and parasites are transferable from hive to hive and can be deadly if left untreated. Therefore, the correct handling of these issues can have a positive impact on the native populations.
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varroa destructor
Varroa destructor commonly known as the varroa mite is one of the biggest threats to the beekeeping world currently, affecting both the beekeeping economy and contributing to the rapid decline in beekeeping populations. It is a parasite and a disease vector and can be deadly to a hive. [1]
The first reported case of Varroa was in the Asian Honeybee in 1904 and by 1963 it had made its way to Hong Kong. From there it entered the international honeybee trade and spread around the world. Therefore when Varroa reached the European Honeybee, they did not have defenses against the parasite.[2]
One of the most important things to know when treating the Varroa mite is its life cycle. This life cycle is split into two phases: reproductive and dispersal. At the beginning of the reproductive cycle, a female mite enters an uncapped brood cell containing honeybee larvae at the beginning of the pupae stage. Once the cell is capped, the mite will puncture a whole in the prepupae from which to feed from. While it was previously believed that the mites feed on the bee’s hemolymph, it has recently been discovered that they actually feed on the bee’s body fat. [3] The female mite then lays eggs around this feeding area. When the new mites emerge, they immediately mate with each other and therefore emerge from the cell fertilized. When the bee emerges from its cell, attached to it are the mother and daughter mites (the males often are often removed from the food source after fulfilling their duty of mating and therefore die before emergence). From there the mites continue to feed off of the adult bee and sometimes transfer to other bees until it is time to enter another cell and create the next generation. [2]
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References
- ↑ Doebler, Stefanie. "The Rise and The Fall of the Honeybee: Mite infestations challenge the bee and the beekeeping industry." BioScience vol. 50,9 (2000): 738-742.https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0738:trafot]2.0.co;2 ]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Traynor, Kristen., et al., "Varroa destructor: A Complex Parasite Crippling Honey Bees World Wide." PNAS vol. 36,7 (2020): 593-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2020.04.004]
- ↑ Ramsey, Samuel. et al., “Varroa destructor feeds primarily on honeybee fat body tissue and not hemolymph” PNAS vol. 116,5 (2019): 1792-1801 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818371116]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
- ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
- ↑ Lee G, Low RI, Amsterdam EA, Demaria AN, Huber PW, Mason DT. Hemodynamic effects of morphine and nalbuphine in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1981 May;29(5):576-81.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 text of the citation
Edited by Sarah Verner, student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2022, Kenyon College.
