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Introduction
By Jack Caine
For thousands of years humans have cultivated animals as companions and food sources. This long-lasting and close relationship, in addition to providing a foundation for human global expansion, has exposed us to many of their pathogens [1]. While these diseases can be quite deadly in their original hosts, the opportunity for a pathogen to be transmitted to a human from an animal increases with duration with them. Zoonoses are any disease that originates in animals and is transmitted to humans [2]. Nearly 60% of known infectious diseases come from zoonotic sources [1]. While zoonoses are not the most common type of disease in humans they do have the capacity to have outbreaks which can result in epidemics or pandemics. Many of the world’s most recent and devastating epidemics and pandemics have resulted from the spillover--the introduction of a novel pathogen into humans from animals--of diseases previously only found in animals. The most well-known of these are the sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and the ongoing AIDS pandemics [1].
While wild animals are more frequently the source of zoonoses, the animals we have domesticated have their own virulent and devastating diseases [1]
[3]. In addition, these livestock pathogens also cause issues for people because of the significant economic losses they can inflict (Kalogianni, Chengula). This problem is exacerbated when the causative pathogens have no vaccine, or treatment, or are under-researched. This is the case for many neglected tropical diseases (NTD) like Rift Valley Fever virus (RFVV) as well as others like Maedi-Visna virus (MVV). This often gives the
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Section 4
Conclusion
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Qiu, Y. et al., "Global prioritization of endemic zoonotic diseases for conducting surveillance in domestic animals to protect public health." 2023. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 378.
- ↑ Quammen, David. "Spillover: animal infections and the next human pandemic." 2012. W.W. Norton & Company.
- ↑ Minardi da Cruz, et al., "Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Break the Species Barrier to Acquire New Host Range" 2013. Viruses 5:1867-1884.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
- ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski,at Kenyon College,2024
