Mycoplasma mycoides

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Mycoplasma mycoides

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma mycoides

Species

Mycoplasma mycoides

NCBI: Taxonomy

Description and significance

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria which lack cell walls. Mycoplasma mycoides is divided into two colony types (large and small) based on their growth and biochemical characteristics. The large colony types (LC) are known to grow larger in broth and mycoplasma agar as well as survive longer at 45 degrees, but are not found to be the cause of CBPP (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia). The LC type was first isolated in pure culture on sheep blood agar plates with lung specimens from a goat. The growth characteristics were of four known LC types, and five known SC types were compared on the sheep blood agar at 2, 5, and 7 days. [7] The SC types were not visible at 2 days and did not grow larger than 0.1 mm, whereas the LC types were visible in 2 days.

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoidesSC (MmymySC; small colonies) is best known as the cause of bovine contagious pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a highly destructive disease in bovine cattle and goats, and is severe enough that it is included as the only bacterial disease in the World Organization for Animal Health's A-list of prioritized communicable animal diseases. Its genome has been completely sequenced in order to help promote the advancement of new vaccines, drugs, and diagnostic tools for CBPP. It is also the first genome that has been sequenced in the Spiroplasma group of the mollicutes, and the information will help in the study of the evolution of the mollicutes.

Genome structure

The genome of Mmymy SC type strain PG1T has been sequenced to map all the genes in order to further the studies regarding cell function of the organism and to better understand CBPP. The genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 1,211,703 bp. It has the lowest G+C content (24 mole%) so far out of all the sequenced bacteria reported, and the highest density of insertion sequences (13% of the genome size). The genome contains 985 putative genes, of which 72 are part of insertion sequences and encode transposases. Irregularities in the GC-skew pattern and the presence of large repetitive sequences indicate a high genomic flexibility. [10]

Cell structure and metabolism

Mycoplasma are bacteria that have no cell wall and therefore have no definite shape. Mycoplasmal organisms are the smallest known free-living life forms and is most likely to have evolved from Gram-positive bacteria. Mycoplasma are can be as small as 0.1 µm and can be seen only under the electron microscope. They are nearly omnipresent in both the plant and animal kingdoms as colonizers and pathogens. Mycoplasmas are unusual among bacteria not only because they lack a cell wall but also that most require sterols for the stability of their cytoplasmic membrane. The sterols need to be acquired from the environment, usually as in the form of cholesterol, meaning that mycoplasmas are always in need of an animal host. [2]

Ecology

Mycoplasma mycoides are parasites that can be found predominantly in cattle and goat hosts. They rely on their hosts for much of their nutrition mainly due to fact that they have a degraded genome and are not able to perform many basic functions of most bacteria. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is spread by inhalation of droplets from an infected, coughing animal. However, relatively close contact is required for transmission to occur.[3]

Pathology

Mycoplasma mycoides use a variety of potential virulence factors, including genes encoding for variable surface proteins and enzymes. Transport proteins responsible for the production of hydrogen peroxide and the capsule is believed to have toxic effects on the animal. SC type is the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP).[10]

CBPP is predominantly a disease of cattle of the genus Bos. However, some breeds are more susceptible to the disease than others. In general, European breeds tend to be more susceptible than indigenous African breeds. Is it also known to cause severe disease in goats as well. CBPP affects many developing countries and is widespread in most of Africa and some parts of Asia, especially India and China. There have been periodic outbreaks within the last decade in Europe in Spain, Portugal, and Italy. However, since the nineteenth century CBPP has been eradicated in the United States.[8] Symptoms of acute CBPP involve respiratory distress, cough, confusion, anorexia, and pain in the affected side. Though close contact is required for transmission, the disease is spread by inhalation of bodily fluids from an infected animal. Outbreaks usually begin as the result of movement of an infected animal into an inexperienced herd. The mortality rate is quite varied and ranges from 10 to 70 percent.[3]

Current Research

Various researches of Mycoplasma mycoides are under process. Current projects include testing of various types of vaccines against mycoplasma mycoides small-colony on mice. Such experimental vaccines include covalent and conjugated and unconjugated capsular polysaccharides on mice. [6] In the signal-recognition particle pathway of mycoplasma mycoides, it has recently been found that SRP RNA and M domain of Ffh are not required for stimulation of GTPase activity in vitro. [1] In another experiment, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) PK-2, was discovered to inhibit the in vitro growth of nine Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony strains. This finding provides a reliable means of distinguishing them from other mycoplasmas.[4]

References

[1] Bertil Macao, Joen Luirink, Tore Samuelsson. Ffh and FtsY in a Mycoplasma mycoides signal-recognition particle pathway: SRP RNA and M domain of Ffh are not required for stimulation of GTPase activity in vitro. (1997) Molecular Microbiology 24 (3), 523–534.

[2] Chatterjee, Archana. Mycoplasma Infections. 2007 February 13.

[3] Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. World Organization for Animal Health. April 22, 2002.

[4] Fred R. Rurangirwa,1* Patrick S. Shompole,1 Anderson N. Wambugu,2 and Travis C. McGuire1. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000 May; 7(3): 519–521.

[5] Genome Research. 14(2):221-7( 2004)

[6] J Comp Pathol. Capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: Immune responses and protection in mice. 2002 Feb-Apr;126(2-3):171-82 [7] J E Thigpen, G S Cottew, F Yeats, C E McGhee, and D L Rose. Growth characteristics of large- and small-colony types of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides on 5% sheep blood agar.J Clin Microbiol. 1983 October; 18(4): 956–960.

[8] Peter Haggett. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, Vol. 76, No. 2, The Changing Geography of Disease Distributions (1994), pp. 91-104

[9] Pettersson B, Leitner T, Ronaghi M, Bolske G, Uhlen M, Johansson KE. Phylogeny of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster as determined by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA genes from the two rRNA operons.J Bacteriol. 1996 Jul;178(14): 4131-42.

[10] Westberg, Joakim, Anja Persson, Anders Holmberg, Alexander Goesmann, Joakim Lundeberg, Karl-Erik Johansson, Bertil Pettersson and Mathias Uhlén. The Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC Type Strain PG1T, the Causative Agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Genome Research 14:221-227, 2004.