Pyrobaculum islandicum
A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Pyrobaculum islandicum
Classification
Higher order taxa
Domain: Archaea
Phylum: Crenarchaeota
Class: Thermoprotei
Order: Thermoproteales
Family: Thermoproteaceae
Genus: Pyrobaculum
Species
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NCBI: Taxonomy |
Pyrobaculum islandicum
Description and significance
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated. Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.
Pyrobaculum islandicum (DSM 4184) is a rod-shaped hyperthermophilic neutrophilic archaebacteria which was first obtained from boiling sulfataric and geothermal waters in Iceland. The latin root of the name "Pyrobaculum" literally means "firestick", where the syllable "pyro" serves to denote the organism's ability to grow at temperatures above 100°C. The species name "islandicum" denotes Icelandic in relevance to its origin of isolation. [1]
Appearance:
Pyrobaculum islandicum are a gram-negative rod-shaped organism with almost rectangular ends. Cells are usually about 2.5 μm long and exhibit bipolar polytrichous flagellation, each flagellum up to 15 μm long and about 13 nm in width. They occur singly and in V-, X-, and raft-shaped aggregates. They can sometimes be seen with terminal spheres (commonly referred to as "golf-club" structures), which appear during its exponential growth phase. No septa formation has yet been observed during cell division. Pb. islandicum colonies are grey or greenish-black in color. [1]
Habitat/Biotope:
Pyrobaculum islandicum belongs to a family of hyperthermophilic archaebacteria found in continental solfataric springs. Before their discovery, hyperthermophilic bacteria growing at 100°C and above had been isolated exclusively from submarine hydrothermal systems. The surface layer of the solfataras, typically 30 cm thick, is usually rich in sulfate and is relatively acidic (pH 0.5-6). Ferric ion compounds cause a rusty appearance. As you go deeper, the solfataras are usually less acidic and can even be neutral (pH 5-7). Depending on the altitude above sea level, the temperatures can be as high as 100°C. Man-made hot environments can also sometimes serve as suitable environments for hyperthermophiles, such as the boiling outflows of geothermal power plants. Due to the low solubility of oxygen at high temperatures and the presence of reducing gases, most biotopes of hyperthermophiles are anaerobic. [1][3][4]
When the new genus "Pyrobaculum" was first isolated, samples were obtained from an outflow of superheated water of an overpressure valve at the Kafla geothermal power plant and from the Hveragerthi solfatara field (both of which are in Iceland), from the Ribeira Quente solfataras in Azores, and Pisciarelli Solfatara in Italy. The superheated or almost boiling anaerobic solfataric waters from which the organisms were isolated were neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 5-7). Pb. islandicum's low salt tolerance makes them well adapted to the low salt content of the solfataric springs (0-0.5% NaCl), and appears to explain why they are unable to grow within the salty ocean waters of submarine hydrothermal systems. [1]
Significance
Pyrobaculum islandicum is a hyperthermophile that belongs to the third domain of life Archaea, which, from an evolutionary standpoint, may be the most slowly evolving or primitive groups of microorganisms yet discovered. Hyperthermophiles may provide significant insights into the physiological properties of the earliest microorganisms because hyperthermophiles are the only living organisms so closely related to the last common ancestors of modern life. Pyrobactum islandicum's ability to reduce Fe(III) has already led to the suggestion that early microorganisms had the capacity for Fe(III) reduction as well, which coincides with geochemical evidence that pre-biotic Earth was conducive for Fe(III) reduction as one of the earliest means of microbial respiration. [5]
Genome structure
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Cell structure and metabolism
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Ecology
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Pathology
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Application to Biotechnology
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Current Research
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References
Edited by student of Rachel Larsen
