Nosema ceranae

WIKI IN PROGRESS

Ex. [[]]

Characteristics of the symbiont/pathogen

Nosema ceranae [1]

Nosema ceranae, a microsporidium fungi, is part a member of the Nosematidae family. N. ceranae is a spore forming, rod or oval shaped microbe that measures approximately 3.9-5.3 µm in length and 2.0-2.5 µm in width. Nosema ceranae has three developmental stages: Meronts, which is the earliest stage, and during this stage the plasma membrane of the microbe makes direct contact with the cytoplasm of the host. During sporont stage the microbe becomes elongated and oval and consists of a dense cytoplasm, yet there is no distinct internal structures. The third stage is the Sporoblast stage, the microbe is smaller during this stage than the sporont stage, and has a distinct cell wall as well as two nuclei [2]. A complete sequencing of N. ceranae's genome, it was shown to consists of 2.758 MB and a strong AT bias [3].

Characteristics of the host

What host/s is/are involved? Is there host specificity? Are there secondary reservoirs?

The symbiont relationship with Nosema ceranae and the honey bee originated in the Asian honey bee Apis cerana, but has since then switched host to infect the European honey bee Apis mellifera. Nosema ceranae infects most of the honey bees found in Europe and North America [3].

Host-Symbiont Interaction

What kind of interaction do host and symbiont have? How is the host affected by the relationship? How does the host acquire and transmit the symbiont? Is the interaction obligate or facultative?

Nosema ceranae and the honeybee have a parasitic relationship, meaning that the N. ceranae benefits while the honey bee is harmed throughout the process. N. ceranae forms spores which are then ingested by the honey bee through water or food. These spores then invade the gut epithelium immediately [3]. The spores rapidly multiply in the gut and then are excreted and the spores are transferred to the other honeybees that live in the same colony through the cleaning and feeding activities [2]. Nosema ceranae decrease the honeybees ability to obtain nutrients from the environment which ultimately shortens their lifespan. Nosema ceranae can effect the overall colony growth and hinder winter survival [3].

Molecular Insights into the Symbiosis

Describe molecular/genetic studies on the symbiosis.

Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects

What is the evolutionary history of the interaction? Do particular environmental factors play a role in regulating the symbiosis?

This symbiont relationship between Nosema ceranae and Apis mellifera is a recent discovery, and new studies are continually done to uncover more about this parasitic relationship. Originally Nosema ceranae infected the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana), but not has swtiched to the European honey bee (Apis mellifera). It is unknown when and how this switch occurred, yet Nosema ceranae is the predominant parasite of honey bees in Europe and North America [3]. The biological cycle of Nosema ceranae relies on the temperature. Nosema ceranae effects more cells when kept at a constant temperature, but is a better adapter to conditions the other species such as "Nosema apis. N. ceranae unlike N. apis can infect their host in all four seasons, while N. apis usually only infects their host in the milder seasons such as spring and autumn [4].

Recent Discoveries

Describe two findings on the symbiosis published within the last two years.

References

[Sample reference] [[2] Seemanapalli SV, Xu Q, McShan K, Liang FT. 2010. Outer surface protein C is a dissemination-facilitating factor of Borrelia burgdorferi during mammalian infection. PLoS One 5:e15830.]

[1] http://www.diark.org/img/species_pict/Nosema_ceranae_BRL01

[2]Chen,Y., Evans,J., Murphy,C., Gutell,R., Zuker,M., Gundensen-Rindal,D and Pettis,J. 2009. Morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic characterization of Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite isolated from the European honey bee, Apis mellifera. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 56: 142-147.

[3]Cornman, R., Chen, Y., Schatz,M., Street,C., Zhao,Y., Desany, B., Egholm, M., Hutchison, S., Pettis, J., Lipkin and W., Eva, J. 2009. Genomic Analyses of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an Emergent Pathogen of Honey Bees. PLoS Pathogens 5(6): e1000466.

[4]Hernandez, R., Meana,A., Palencia,P., Marín, P., Botías,C., Bailon, E., Barrios, L. and Higes, M., 2009. Effect of Temperature on the Biotic Potential of Honeybee Microsporidia. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology 75(8):2554.

Edited by [Lacey Berry], student of Grace Lim-Fong