BIOL 238 Review 2009

This page provides review questions for BIOL 238 (Spring 2009). Answers may be posted by students.

Chapter 1

[Note: To answer a question in edit mode, please place your answer like this, inbetween two double-line breaks.]

1. What historical discoveries in microbiology, both medical and environmental, laid the foundation for the discovery by Rita Colwell and Anwar Huq of an inexpensive way for Bangladeshi villagers to prevent cholera?

2. The Colwell interview depicts three different ways of visualizing microbes. What are the capabilities and limitations of each method? Which method(s) would have been available before Leeuwenhoek? By Leeuwenhoek? For Peter Mitchell and Jennifer Moyle?

3. Compare the "family tree" of life as drawn by Herbert Copeland, Robert Whittaker, Lynn Margulis, and Carl Woese. How were they similar, and how did they differ? How did their differences relate to different tools available for study?

4. Outline the different contributions to medical microbiology and immunnology of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Florence Nightingale. What methods and assumptions did they have in common, and how did they differ?

5. Does the human immune system react similarly to both attenuated pathogens and more active pathogens?

6. Outline the different contributions to environmental microbiology of Sergei Winogradsky and Martinus Beijerinck. Why did it take longer for the significance of environmental microbiology to be recognized, as compared with pure-culture microbiology?

7. It is always necessary to prepare a tissue culture to study viruses, as they can't grow without a host cell. Do certain bacteria need tissue in their cultures?

8. How did Alexander Fleming's cultured plate of Staphylococcus become moldy with Penicillium notatum? Is it common for petri dishes to become moldy if left in the open air for too long?

Chapter 2

1. Explain what features of bacteria you can study by: light microscopy; fluorescence microscopy; scanning EM; transmission EM.

2. Explain the difference between detection and resolution. Explain how resolution is increased by magnification; why can't the details be resolved by your unaided eye? Explain why magnification reaches a limit; why can it not go on resolving greater detail?

3. How does refraction enable magnification?

4. Explain why artifacts appear, even with the best lenses. Explain how you can tell the difference between an optical artifact and an actual feature of an image.

5. How can "detection without resolution" be useful in microscopy? Explain specific examples of dark-field observation, and of fluorescence microscopy.

6. Explain how the Gram stain works. What are its capabilities and limitations? How does the Gram stain relate to bacterial phylogeny?

7. If shapes of bacteria are common to many taxonomic groups, including spirochetes which cause Lyme disease as well as others, how accurately can different bacteria be identified just based on shape?

8. Why should we believe scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is accurate? If scientists should be concerned by possible artifacts in EM why wouldn‘t they be concerned about artifacts or even further complications in SPM?

9. When would you use TEM over SEM, or vice versa?

Chapter 3

1. For one of your card pathogens, explain the type of cell membrane, cell wall, and outer membrane if any. Explain how any particular components of the membrane and envelope contribute to pathogenesis.

2. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the cell and the S-layer.

3. The antibiotic linezolid prevents the 50S ribosome subunit from binding the 30S subunit. If you isolate ribosomes by ultracentrifugation, how might the results in the tube look different with linezolid present?

4. Explain how the FtsZ and MinD proteins function in cell division. What happens to a cell with a mutation in one of these genes?

5. In the laboratory, what selective pressure may cause loss of S-layers over several generations of subculturing? Similarly, why would subcultured bacteria lose flagella?

6. For one of your card pathogens, explain what specialized structures it has, such as pili or storage granules. Explain how they might contribute to pathogenesis.

7. Why might a human cell have a protein complex that imports a bacterial toxin? How might such a situation evolve?

8. What aspects of the outer membrane prevent phagocytosis, and how?

9. If the peptidoglycan cell wall is a single molecule, how does the cell expand and come apart to form two daughter cells?

10. What form of energy is used to drive the membrane-embedded ATP synthase, and the flagellar motor? Suppose a cell only makes ATP from glucose breakdown (not from the membrane complex). How could it use the membrane ATP synthase complex to drive flagellar rotation?

11. Explain two different ways that an aquatic phototroph might remain close to the light, or that an aerobe might remain close to the air surface.

Bowman et al., 2008

1. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of cell division and DNA replication in Caulobacter crescentus and in E. coli. What feature of C. crescentus cell division may explain the different organization of DNA replication?

2. Draw a diagram showing how Caulobacter replicates its DNA during cell division. Show the positions and movements of proteins MreB, FtsZ, ParB, MipZ, and PopZ.

3. Explain what is tested, and what the results show about cell division, in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 5. For each figure, explain what the panels show, and what remains to be shown.

Chapter 4

1. Suppose in Yellowstone Park, Mammoth Spring, a thermophilic bacterium (Bacillus steareothermophilus increases its population size by ten-fold in 40 minutes. What is the generation time, or doubling time?

Chapter 5

1. Look through a grocery store, inspecting the labels of packaged foods. What chemical preservatives do you recognize, and what is their mechanism for killing bacteria or inhibiting growth? For example, propionate and sorbate are membrane-permeant acids that depress cytoplasmic pH.

2. Explain the major difference between the effects of general sterilization and disinfectants, versus antibiotics such as penicillin or streptomycin. Why do antibiotics rapidly select for resistant strains, whereas disinfectants and sterilizing agents do not?

3. Explain which extreme environmental conditions select for membrane unsaturation. What is the advantage of unsaturated membranes for these conditions?

4. Explain how protein structure is modified during evolutionary adaptation to high temperatures, or to high pressure.